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Lesson 2 > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph/o

A

Lymph, lymphatic tissue
The fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues

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2
Q

Lymphangi/o

A

Lymphatic vessels and ducts.
The capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream

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3
Q

Lymphaden/o

A

Lymph nodes or gland
Bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system

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4
Q

Tonsill/o
Adenoid/o

A

Tonsils and adenoids
Lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system

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5
Q

Splen/o

A

Spleen
A sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems

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6
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow
Produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes. Myel/o also means spinal cord

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7
Q

Lymphocyt/o

A

Lymphocytes
Specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions

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8
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus
A gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems

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9
Q

Anti-

A

Against

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10
Q

Carcin/o

A

Cancerous

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11
Q

Immun/o

A

Immune, protection, safe

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12
Q

Neo-
Ne/o

A

New or strange

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13
Q

-oma

A

Tumor or neoplasm

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14
Q

Onc/o

A

Tumor

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15
Q

Phag/o

A

Eat or swallow

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16
Q

-plasm

A

Formative material of cells

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17
Q

Sarc/o

A

Flesh or connective tissue

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18
Q

-tic

A

Pertaining to

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19
Q

Tox/o

A

Poison, poisonous

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20
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

The most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection. AIDS

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21
Q

Allergen

A

A substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

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22
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes

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23
Q

Antibody

A

A disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Anti- means against. This term antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably

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24
Q

Antifungal

A

An agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of a fungi. Anti- means against, fung means fungus, -al means pertaining to. Also known as antimycotic. Lotrimin is an ex of a topical antifungal that is applied to treat or prevent athlete’s foot

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25
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that the body regards as foreign. This includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues

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26
Q

Antibiotics

A

A medication that is capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. Anti- means against, bio means life, -tic means pertaining to. Antibiotics are effective against most bacterial infections, but they are not effective against viral infections

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27
Q

The binding of antigens to antibodies

A

Antigen-antibody reaction. Alsobknown as immune reaction. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. The immune system immediately responds to the presence of any antigen

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28
Q

Autoimmune disorder

A

Any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens. Also known as autoimmune disease. This abnormal functioning of the immune system appears to be genetically transmitted and predominantly occurs in women during the childbearing years. 3% of Americans have autoimmune disorder, with women affected 2.7 times more often than men. Affects most body systems

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29
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria. Bacilli means tod-shaped. Singular bacillus

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30
Q

Bacteria

A

A group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which are pathogenic

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31
Q

Benign

A

Not life-threatening. Can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures

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32
Q

Candidiasis

A

An infection caused by yeast, a type of fungus, also known as yeast infection. Yeast infections occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans

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33
Q

Carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue. Carcin means cancer, -oma means tumor. Epithelial tissue forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. Tend to infiltrate and produce metastases (new cancer sites) that can affect any organ or part of the body

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34
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

A malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.

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35
Q

Complement system

A

A group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

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36
Q

Cytokines

A

A group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells that act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

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37
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

A group of large herpes-type viruses found in most body fluids and most often causing an infection without signs or symptoms (silent infection). Can cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system or when passed from mother to unborn child. Cyt/o means cell, megal/o means large, vir means virus, -us is singular noun ending.

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38
Q

Cytotoxic drug

A

Medication that kills or damages cells. Cyt/o means cell, tox means poison, -ic means pertaining to. These drugs are used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics

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39
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Breast cancer at its earliest stage, before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct. DCIS. At this stage, the cure rate is nearly 100%

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40
Q

Hemolytic

A

Describes the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse. Hem/o means blood, -lytic means to destroy

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41
Q

Herpes zoster

A

An acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve. Also known as shingles. This inflammation occurs when the dormant varicella (chickenpox) virus is reactivated later in life. A vaccine is available to help prevent shingles, and is recommended for adults 60 years and older

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42
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

A malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection. also known as Hodgkin or Hodgkin’s

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43
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus

A

A bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections. HIV. Treatment for HIV includes a regimen of antiretroviral drugs sometimes referred to as a “cocktail” because they must be taken in combination with each other.

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44
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody responsealso known as antibodies. There are five primary types of immunoglobulins

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45
Q

Immunosuppressant

A

A substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response. This medication is administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

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46
Q

Immunotherapy

A

A treatment of disease by either stimulating or repressing the immune response. Alsocalled biological therapy. Immun/o means immune, -therapy means treatment. In the treatment of cancers, immunotherapy is used to stimulate the immune response to fight the malignancy. In the treatment of allergies, immunotherapy is used to repress the body’s sensitivity to a particular allergen. This treatment is also called allergy desensitization

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47
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

An infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes. Also known as mono. Swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop

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48
Q

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

Breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue. Also known as invasive ductal carcinoma. IDC. Most common form of breast cancer

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49
Q

Interferons

A

Produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. They activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase their defenses

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50
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes. Lymphaden means lymph node, -pathy means disease

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51
Q

Lymphangioma

A

A benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymph means lymph, angi means lymph vessel, -oma means tumor

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52
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues. Lymph means lymph, -edema means swelling. This is not the type of swelling that occurs due to an injury such as a sprained ankle. It is caused by damage to the lymphatic system that prevents lymph from draining properly. Because lymph is rich in protein, which is an environment that pathogens thrive in, lymphedema is often associated with infections

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53
Q

Lymphocytes

A

One or three types of cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells that act as specialized antibodies. Also known as lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes work together with the body’s organs to defend the body against antigens. Lymph/o means lymph, -cytes means cells. Lymphocytes undergo further maturation and differentiation in lymphoid tissues throughout the body. These changes enable these lymphocytes to act as specialized antibodies that are capable of attacking specific antigens

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54
Q

Lymphoma

A

A general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues. Lymph means lymph, -oma means tumor. This includes lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The two most common types of lymphoma are Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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55
Q

Lymphoscintigraphy

A

A diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels. A radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen

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56
Q

Macrophage

A

A type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. Macro- means large, -phage means a cell that eats. Also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

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57
Q

Malaria

A

A disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitos and is transferred to humans by the bite of an affected mosquito. Symptoms develop 1-4 weeks after being infected and include fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue

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58
Q

Malignant

A

Becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

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59
Q

Mammography

A

A radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cellsmamm/o means breast, -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record

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60
Q

Metastasis

A

The process by which cancer is spread to a new site, may refer to the tumor itself. Plural metastases. A metastasis can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance from the primary site. Metastasis is a Latin word meaning transition

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61
Q

Metastasize

A

To spread from one place to another. Cancer sometimes moves from its primary site and metastasizes (spreads) to a secondary site, often through the circulatory or lymphatic system. The most common sites of metastatic tumors are bones, liver and lungs

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62
Q

Myoma

A

A benign tumor that made up of muscle tissue. My means muscle, -oma means tumor

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63
Q

Myosarcoma

A

A malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue. My/o means muscle, sarc means flesh, -oma means tumor

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64
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

The term used to describe all lymphoma other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. More common type. There are many different types, all of which originate in the lymphocytes. So.e are aggressive (fast growing), some are indolent(slow growing)

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65
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

Caused by a pathogen that normally does not cause illness in healthy humans, but is able to cause an infection in a weakened host. When the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection

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66
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

A hard-tissue sarcoma usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or the knees. Oste/o means bone, sarc means flesh, -oma means tumor

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67
Q

Parasite

A

A plant or an animal that lives on or within another living organisms at the expense of that organism

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68
Q

Rabies

A

An acute viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal. If risk is suspected, it is necessary to undergo testing immediately so that post-exposure treatment can be started as quickly as possible. Without testing or treatment, the signs and symptoms of rabies usually occur 30-90 days after the bite, and once symptoms have developed, rabies is almost always fatal

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69
Q

Rickettsia

A

Small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans. Plural rickettsiae.

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70
Q

Rubella

A

A viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink wash. Also known as German measles or 3-day measles. Serious in women during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus

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71
Q

Sarcoma

A

A malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue. Plural sarcomas or sarcomata. Sarc means flesh, -oma means tumor

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72
Q

Spirochetes

A

Long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement. Syphilis is also caused by spirochetes

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73
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the spleen. Splen/o means spleen, -megaly means enlargement. This condition can be due to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease such as mononucleosis, or abnormal functioning of the immune system

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74
Q

Staphylococci

A

Group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes. Staphyl/o means clusters or bunches of grapes, -cocci means spherical bacteria. Singular Staphylococcus. Most staphylococci are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms

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75
Q

Streptococci

A

Bacteria that form a chain. Strept/o means twisted chain, -cocci means spherical bacteria. Singular streptococcus. Many streptococcal species are harmless, however, other members of this group are responsible for serious illnesses such as strep throat, meningitis, endocarditis, and necrotizing fasciitis

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76
Q

Systemic reaction

A

A severe reaction to an allergen. Also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock. Without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes

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77
Q

Teletheraphy

A

Radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body that is precisely targeted with the use of three-dimensional computer imaging. Tele- means distant, -therapy means treatment

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78
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

A parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces. Pregnant women should avoid contact it can causes diseases in the developing child such as microephalus (an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain, or hydrocephalus (excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

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79
Q

Varicella

A

A highly contagious disease caused by a herpes virus, varicella herpes characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid, -filled blisters that burst and form crusts. Also known as chickenpox

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80
Q

3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine
  2. Remove waste products from the tissues and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens
  3. Return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck
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81
Q

Villi

A

Food is digested in the small intestine, which is lined with small fingerlike projections. Each villus (singular) contains lacteals and blood vessels

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82
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals. The lymphatic vessels then return to the venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients

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83
Q

Blood vessels within the villus

A

The blood vessels absorb the nutrients, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins from the digested foods directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body

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84
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Also known as intercellular or tissue fluid. Plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues. This fluid delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells. When interstitial fluid leaves the cells, it brings with it waste products and protein molecules that were created within the cells. About 90% of this fluid returns to the bloodstream

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85
Q

Lymph

A

Made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. A clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins. It plays essential roles in the lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with the immune system. Collects the protein molecules created within the cells as it leaves. Also removes dead cells, debris, and pathogens (including cancer cells) from the intercellular spaces. Enters very small capillaries within the tissues and then flows into progressively larger vessels and ducts as it travels in a one-way trip upward toward the neck. At this stage, lymph begins to play an active role in cooperation with the immune system to protect the body against invading microorganisms and diseases

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86
Q

Lymphatic circulatory system

A

Work closely with blood circulatory system, because of the similarities, lymphatic circulatory system is often referred to as secondary circulatory system. Blood circulates throughout the entire body in a loop, pumped by the heart. The bloodstream flows in an open system in which it leaves and renters the blood vessels through the capillaries. Since the lymphatic system does not have a pump-like organ, it must depend on the pumping motion of muscles to move the fluid. Lymph flows in only one direction. From its point of origin, lymph can move only upward until it returns to the circulatory system at the base of the neck. Once lymph enters a lymphatic capillary, it must continue this upward flow. Blood is filtered by the kidneys, and waste products are excreted by the urinary system. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes, which are located along lymphatic vessels. These nodes contain specialized cells of the immune system. The color of blood makes the arteries and veins readily visible. Since lymp is a clear fluid, the lymphatic vessels are not readily visible

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87
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tube’s located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. These cells separately briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward

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88
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Located deeper within the tissues where lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into these progressively larger lymphatic vessels. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph. The larger lymphatic vessels eventually join together to form two ducts. Each duct drains a specific part if the body and returns the lymph to the venous circulation

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89
Q

2 ducts of the lymphatic vessels

A

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct

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90
Q

Subclavian vein

A

The proximal part of the main vein of the arm

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91
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Collects lymph from the right side if the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. Empties into the right subclavian vein

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92
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs. Empties into the left subclavian vein

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93
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Each small bean-shaped node contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. Unfiltered lymph flows into the nodes, and here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells. Additional structures within the node filter the lymph to remove other impurities. After these processes are complete, the lymph leaves the node and continues its journey to become part of the venous circulation again. There are between 400-700 lymph nodes located along the larger lymphatic vessels, and approximately half of these nodes are in the abdomen. Most of the other nodes are positioned on the branches of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body

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94
Q

3 major groups of lymph nodes

A

Cervical lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes

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95
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

Located along the sides of the neck. Cervic means neck, -al means pertaining to

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96
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

Located under the arms in the area known as the armpits. Axill means armpit, -ary means pertaining to

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97
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

Located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen. Inguin means groin, -al means pertaining to

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98
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

Natural killer cells
B cells
T cells

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99
Q

Maturation

A

The process of becoming mature

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100
Q

Differentiation

A

To be modified to perform a specific function

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101
Q

Natural killer cells

A

NK cells. Play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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102
Q

B cells

A

Also known as B lymphocytes. Specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocytes makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen. Most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood. When a B cell is confronted with the antigen that it is coded to destroy, that B cell is transformed into a plasma cell

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103
Q

Plasma cells

A

Develop from B cells and secretes a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

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104
Q

T cells

A

Also known as T lymphocytes. Get the T in their name from their origin in the thymus. Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

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105
Q

Interleukins

A

Play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

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106
Q

Lymphoid

A

Pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue.

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107
Q

Tonsils

A

3 masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Play an important role in the immune system by preventing pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth

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108
Q

Adenoids

A

Also known as nasopharyngeal tonsils. Located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx

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109
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

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110
Q

Palatine

A

Describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth

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111
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Located at the base of the tongue. They are not readily visible

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112
Q

Lingual

A

Pertaining to the tongue

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113
Q

Thymus

A

A mass ofly.phoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age. As part of the endocrine system, the thymus secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells. These T cells, which are essential to the immune system, leave the thymus through the bloodstream and the lymphatic system

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114
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Commonly referred to appendix. Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum which is the first section of the large intestine. Although its purpose was unknown for many years, recent research indicates that the appendix may play an important role in the immune system

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115
Q

Spleen

A

Sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue locatedin the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach. Filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. Forms lymphocytes and monocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) with important roles in the immune system. Has hemolytic function. Stores extra erythrocytes (red blood cells) and maintains the appropriate balance between these cells and the plasma of the blood

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116
Q

Primary function of the immune system

A

Maintain good health and to protect the body from harmful substances such as pathogens, allergens, toxins, malignant cells. First attempt is to prevent the entry of these harmful substances into the body. The immune system uses a complex system of chemical signaling between specialized cells to identify, attack, and remember antigens. This is accomplished by coordinating a highly specific response based on the type of antigen and differentiating it from the body’s own tissues to avoid attacking itself. After encountering an antigen once, the immune system’s “memory” of the invader enables the body to mount a more efficient future defense against that antigen

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117
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-producing microorganisms

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118
Q

Toxins

A

Poisonous or harmful substances

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119
Q

Malignant cells

A

Potentially life-threatening cancer cells

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120
Q

First line of defense for the immune system

A

Intact skin
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Lymphatic system

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121
Q

Intact skin

A

Wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

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122
Q

Intact

A

There are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin

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123
Q

Acid mantle

A

Skin is covered with this acid mantle that makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

124
Q

Respiratory system regarding first line of defense for the immune system

A

Traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membranes lining of the respiratory system. The tonsils form a protective ring around the entrance to the throat. If foreign matter gets past these barriers, coughing and sneezing help expel it from the respiratory system

125
Q

Digestive system regarding the first line of defense for the immune system

A

Uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

126
Q

Lymphatic system regarding the first line of defense for the immune system

A

The structures of the lymphatic system and specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

127
Q

Tolerance

A

Refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. This term is also used to describe a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use

128
Q

5 types of immunoglobulins

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

129
Q

Immunoglobulin G

A

IgG. Most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. These antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles

130
Q

Immunoglobulin A

A

IgA. Class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. These antibodies are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and they function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs

131
Q

Immunoglobulin M

A

IgM. Class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. These are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

132
Q

Immunoglobulin D

A

IgD. Class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. These antibodies are important in B cell activation

133
Q

Immunoglobulin E

A

IgE. Class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. These antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions

134
Q

Phagocytes

A

Specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis. Phah/o means to eat or swallow, -cyte means cell. Phagocytes include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

135
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.

136
Q

Monocytes

A

Leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. Macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter into the tissue. Monocytes replenish macrophages and dendritic cells

137
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs it, swallow it, and alwets B and T cells to act against this specific antigen

138
Q

Complement

A

To complete or make whole

139
Q

Immunity

A

State of being resistant to a specific disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired

140
Q

Natural immunity

A

Also known as passive immunity. Resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease. Natural immunity is present at birth, and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby

141
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Obtained by having had a contagious disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against that disease, such as measles or polio, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease

142
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened. For some diseases, such as tetanus, a periodic booster shot is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunity

143
Q

Vaccination

A

Provides protection against the disease, however for some conditions a periodic booster is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunization

144
Q

Allergist

A

Specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

145
Q

Immunologist

A

Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system. Immun means protected, -ologist means specialist

146
Q

Lymphologist

A

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system . Lymph means lymphatic system, -ologist means specialist

147
Q

Oncologist

A

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer. Onc means tumor, -ologist means specialist

148
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Commonly known as swollen glands, inflammation of the lymph nodes. Lymphaden means lymph node, -itis means inflammation. The terms lymph nodes and lymph glands are sometimes used interchangeably. Swelling of the lymph nodes is frequently an indication of an infection

149
Q

Ruptured spleen

A

Medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen

150
Q

Splenorrhagia

A

Bleeding from the spleen. Splen/o means spleen, -rrhagia means bleeding

151
Q

Primary lymphedema

A

Hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs. The disorder occurs most frequently in females when the symptoms begin to appear during puberty. Most commonly treated with compression and exercise to control the swelling and to minimize the infections

152
Q

Secondary lymphedema

A

Caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns. Most commonly treated with compression and exercise to control the swelling and to minimize the infections

153
Q

Bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

Non-invasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. It measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb, with abnormally low results showing a buildup of lymph. If this condition can be diagnosed with this technique at an early stage, there is hope that it will not develop any further

154
Q

Effectiveness if the immune system depends on the individual’s……(3 things)

A

General health
Age
Heredity

155
Q

Allergic reaction

A

Occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader

156
Q

Allergy

A

Also known as hypersensitivity. An overreaction by the body to a particular antigen. For allergic rhinitis, an allergic reaction to airborne allergens

157
Q

Localized allergic response

A

Also known as cellular response. Includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. For ex., contact with poison ivy can cause a localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash. Although the body reacts mildly the first time it is exposed to the allergen, sensitivity is established, and future contacts can cause much more severe symptoms

158
Q

Scratch test

A

Diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and agreed. Swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction

159
Q

Allergic-specific immunoglobulin E

A

IgE. Blood test is sometimes used to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance

160
Q

Antihistamines

A

Medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollen, and other types of allergies

161
Q

Histamines

A

A substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction

162
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for skeletal system. Affects joints and connective tissues

163
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for muscular system. Affects nerve and muscle synapses

164
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for cardiovascular system. Affects the red blood cells

165
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for digestive system. Affects the intestines, ileum, or the colon

166
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for nervous system. Affects the brain and spinal cord

167
Q

Scleroderma

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for Integumentary system. Affects the skin and connective tissues

168
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Ex of autoimmune disorder for endocrine system. Affects the thyroid gland

169
Q

Immunodeficiency disorder

A

Occurs when the immune response is compromised

170
Q

Compromised

A

Weakened or not functioning properly

171
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency

A

SCID. An inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections. Although the condition is rare, it is now normally part of infants’ newborn screening

172
Q

Debilitated

A

Weakened by another condition

173
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

An ex of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. this cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat, or in other organs

174
Q

ELISA

A

Acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

175
Q

Western blot test

A

A blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. Performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive for HIV. this is necessary because the ELISA test sometimes produces a false positive result in which the test erroneously indicates the presence of HIV

176
Q

Stimulate

A

To cause greater activity

177
Q

Repress

A

To decrease or stop a normal response

178
Q

Synthetic immunoglobulins

A

Also known as immune serum. Used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. The goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity

179
Q

Post-exposure

A

The patient has been exposed to the virus. Ex. Being bitten by an animal with rabies

180
Q

Synthetic interferon

A

Used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C and some cancers

181
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. These artificially produced antibodies are used to enhance the patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer

182
Q

Monoclonal

A

Pertaining to a single clone of cells

183
Q

Clone

A

An exact replica of a group of bacteria

184
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

185
Q

Corticosteroid drug

A

Hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.

186
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes a disease in humans

187
Q

Microorganism

A

A living organisms that is so small it can be seen only with the aud of a microscope

188
Q

Pathogenic

A

Capable of producing disease

189
Q

Examples of types of pathogens

A

Bacillus
Spirochete
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Yeast
Virus

190
Q

Bacteria

A

One-celled microscopic organisms. Singular bacterium. Most bacteria are not harmful to humans

191
Q

Bacteria that are pathogenic

A

Bazillion
Anthrax
Rickettsia
Spirochetes
Lyme disease
Staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci

192
Q

Anthrax

A

Contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis. Spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare

193
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick

194
Q

Lyme disease

A

LIME. Transmitted to humans by the bite of a Rick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. It is named for Old Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first diagnosed. Symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash known as erythema migrans. If untreated, Lyme disease can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system.

195
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Also known as staph aureus. Form of Staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning

196
Q

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

Occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria becomes resistant to this particular drug. As more and more bacteria become resistant to first-line antibiotics, the consequences are severe because the illness lasts longer, and the risk of complications and death increases. Originally these infections were nosocomial (hospital or clinic acquired) but now these antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasingly common in the general population

197
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

Commonly known as MRSA. One if several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics. First symptom of MRSA looks like small, red bumps with a black top. These bumps soon become abscesses that require immediate care. MRSA are serious, difficult to treat, can be fatal, and often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry. These infections are becoming increasingly present in the general population

198
Q

Fungus

A

A simple parasitic organism. Plural fungi. Some are harmless, some are pathogenic

199
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Commonly known as athlete’s foot, a fungal infection that develops between the toes

200
Q

Yeast

A

Type of fungus

201
Q

Oral thrush

A

Yeast infection that occurs in the mouth

202
Q

Vaginal candidiasis

A

Yeast infection Occurs in the vagina

203
Q

Viruses

A

Very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invading the cells, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses. These viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process

204
Q

Ebola

A

Rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus. Can only be transmitted when symptoms are present. Early symptoms, which usually appear within 21 days of exposure, include high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Late symptoms include massive internal bleeding and organ failure

205
Q

Influenza

A

Commonly known as flu. Highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics. Flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. A vaccine is available annually to protect against the most common strains of influenza

206
Q

Measles

A

Acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus. Symptoms include a red, itchy rash over the entire body, a high fever, runny nose, and coughing

207
Q

Photphobia

A

Serious complications of measles which is a severe sensitivity to light

208
Q

Mumps

A

Acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears. In adults, mumps can also cause painful swelling of the ovaries or testicles

209
Q

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

A

MMR. Immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood

210
Q

Rabid

A

An infected animal with rabies

211
Q

West Nile virus

A

Spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. A mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms. A more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus is a member of the Flavivirus genus, which also includes the viruses that cause the mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever

212
Q

Herpesviruses

A

Include varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex

213
Q

Silent infection

A

Individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection

214
Q

Postherpetic neuralgia

A

Complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak. The resulting pain can be severe and persistent

215
Q

Inhibit

A

To slow the growth or development

216
Q

Bactericide

A

Substance that causes the death of bacteria. Bacteri means bacteria, -cide means causing death. This group of antibiotics include penicillins and cephalosporins

217
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Agent Slows or stops the growth of bacteria. Bacteri means bacteria, -static means causing control. This group of antibiotics include tetracycline, sulfonamide, and erythromycin

218
Q

Antiviral drug

A

Such as acyclovir, is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity. Anti- means against, vir means virus, -al means pertaining to

219
Q

Oncology

A

Study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer. Onc means tumor, -ology means study of. Cancer is second leading cause of death in US after heart disease

220
Q

Tumor

A

Also known as neoplasm (neo- means new or strange, -plasm means formation). An abnormal growth of body tissue. Within this mass, the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive

221
Q

Benign tumor

A

Not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening

222
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Form of cancer. It is capable of spreading to distant body sites, including to other body systems and it is potentially life-threatening

223
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply. Angi/o means vessel, -Genesis means reproduction

224
Q

Antiangiogenesis

A

A form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor. Anti- means against, angi/o means vessel, -Genesis means reproduction

225
Q

Cancer

A

Class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing

226
Q

Infiltrate

A

To gain access to

227
Q

In situ

A

In the place where the cancer first occurred

228
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Any one of a large group of carcinoma derived from glandular tissue. Aden/o means gland, carcin means cancer, -oma means tumor

229
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Type of malignant tumor occurs in the basal cell layer of the epidermis

230
Q

Hard-tissue sarcoma

A

Arise from bone or cartilage

231
Q

Soft-tissue sarcomas

A

Cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints

232
Q

Synovial sarcoma

A

Tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows

233
Q

Liquid-tissue sarcoma

A

Arise from blood and lymph. Ex leukemia

234
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. Leuk/o means white, -emia means pertaining to blood

235
Q

Staging

A

Process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis. Stages can be be indicated by letters, numbers or Roman numerals. Specific staging systems are used for different types of cancer

236
Q

Breast cancer

A

Carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

237
Q

ER-positive

A

Majority of all breast cancers are ER-positive which means that they grow in response to the hormone estrogen

238
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

A

BReast CAncer 1 and 2. Abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian and certain other cancers. These genes are often a factor in inherited cancers

239
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A

IBC. Rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. Grows rapidly, and the symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or a rash on the breast, and swelling of nearby lymph nodes

240
Q

Male breast cancer

A

Can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men

241
Q

Stages of breast cancer

A

Depend to the size of the cancer, the lymph node involvement, and the presence of metastases (spreading)

242
Q

Stage 0 of stage of breast cancer

A

Cancer cells are found only in one location, such as ductal carcinoma in situ

243
Q

Stage 1 of breast cancer

A

Cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached outside the breast into the lymph nodes

244
Q

Stage 2 of breast cancer

A

Cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached one to three axillary (armpit) lymph nodes

245
Q

Stage 3 of breast cancer

A

Cancer has spread to the cervical (neck) lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin. Inflammatory breast cancer

246
Q

Stage 4 of breast cancer

A

Cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver or bones. This stage is also known as invasive or metastatic cancer

247
Q

Breast self-examination

A

Self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer. The focus of sel-examination is checking for a new lump or for changes in an existing lump, the shape of the ripple, or the skin covering the breast

248
Q

Palpation of the breast

A

Test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

249
Q

Mammogram

A

Resulting record of mammography

250
Q

Molecular breast imaging

A

MBI. Nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue

251
Q

Ultrasound

A

Often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by mammography

252
Q

Breast MRI

A

Uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk

253
Q

Needle breast biopsy

A

A technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment. Bi- means pertaining to life, -opsy means view of. It is less painful and disfigured than a surgical biopsy

254
Q

Surgical biopsy

A

Removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis. After a diagnosis have been established, treatment is then planned based on the stage of the cancer

255
Q

Sentinel node biopsy

A

Biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body. After the sentinel lymph node has been identified, only this and the other affected nodes are removed for biopsy

256
Q

Lymph node dissection

A

Surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area. Ex, axillary lymph node dissection

257
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Surgical removal of the only cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

258
Q

Mastectomy

A

Surgical removal of the entire breast and pipe. Mast means breast, -ectomy means surgical removal. This procedure often includes the removal of axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

259
Q

Radical mastecomy

A

Surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

260
Q

Modified radical mastectomy

A

Surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

261
Q

Immediate breast reconstruction

A

Begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an “expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

262
Q

Delayed breast reconstruction

A

May be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment

263
Q

Most common forms of treatment for cancer

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy

264
Q

Laser surgery

A

Uses targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells

265
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Which cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen

266
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of chemical agents and drugs in combination selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

267
Q

Chemoprevention

A

Use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. May also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor

268
Q

Antineoplastic

A

Medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells. Anti-against, ne/o means new, plast means growth or formation, -ic means pertaining to

269
Q

Proliferation

A

To increase rapidly

270
Q

Radiation

A

With the goal of destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing healthy tissues

271
Q

Brachytherapy

A

Use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated. Brachy- means short, -therapy means treatment

272
Q

Tomotherapy

A

Combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated. Tom/o means sluce, -therapy means treatment. In this type of therapy, radiation is delivered slice by slice to the tumor and is able to avoid healthy tissue

273
Q

Targeted therapy

A

Developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. Ex monoclonal antibody

274
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

Sometimes used after the pri.ary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur. Can also include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy or targeted therapy

275
Q

Adjuvant

A

Refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug

276
Q

Clinical trials

A

Involving testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved on patients who agree to be part of the research

277
Q

A
Ab

A

Antibody

278
Q

AG
Ag

A

Antigen

279
Q

CA
Ca

A

Cancer

280
Q

CIS

A

Carcinoma in situ

281
Q

DCIS

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

282
Q

HZ

A

Herpes zoster

283
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

284
Q

IG

A

Immunoglobulin

285
Q

LE

A

Lymphedema

286
Q

MMR

A

Measles, mumps and, rubella vaccination

287
Q

MET

A

Metastasis

288
Q

met

A

Metastasize

289
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

290
Q

VSZ

A

Varicella

291
Q

Axil/o

A

Armpit

292
Q

Myc/o

A

Fungus

293
Q

Phot/o

A

Light

294
Q

-ary

A

Pertaining to

295
Q

-gen

A

Producing, causing

296
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

297
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

298
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

299
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

300
Q

VZV

A

Varicella zoster virus

301
Q

TNM cancer staging

A

Most widely used cancer staging system by hospitals.
T refers to the size and extent of the primary tumor.
N refers to the number of nearby lymph nodes that contain cancer.
M refers to whether the cancer has metastasized

302
Q

cTNM cancer staging

A

Clinical, based on the results of the tests

303
Q

pTNM cancer staging

A

Pathological, based on information about the tumor itself

304
Q

T in TNM cancer staging

A

TX main tumor cannot be measured
TO main tumor cannot be identified
T1, T2, T3, T4 the higher the number, the larger the tumor

305
Q

N in TNM cancer staging

A

NX cancer is nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured
N0 there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
N1, N2, N3 the more lymph nodes with cancer, the larger the number assigned

306
Q

M in TNM cancer staging

A

MX metastasis cannot be measured
M0 cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
M1 cancer has spread to other parts of the body

Lesson 2 (4 decks)

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