Lesson 4 Flashcards
Lymph/o
Lymph, lymphatic tissue
The fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues
Lymphangi/o
Lymphatic vessels and ducts.
The capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream
Lymphaden/o
Lymph nodes or gland
Bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system
Tonsill/o
Adenoid/o
Tonsils and adenoids
Lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system
Splen/o
Spleen
A sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems
Myel/o
Bone marrow
Produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes. Myel/o also means spinal cord
Lymphocyt/o
Lymphocytes
Specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions
Thym/o
Thymus
A gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems
Anti-
Against
Carcin/o
Cancerous
Immun/o
Immune, protection, safe
Neo-
Ne/o
New or strange
-oma
Tumor or neoplasm
Onc/o
Tumor
Phag/o
Eat or swallow
-plasm
Formative material of cells
Sarc/o
Flesh or connective tissue
-tic
Pertaining to
Tox/o
Poison, poisonous
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
The most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection. AIDS
Allergen
A substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
Anaphylaxis
A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes
Antibody
A disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Anti- means against. This term antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably
Antifungal
An agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of a fungi. Anti- means against, fung means fungus, -al means pertaining to. Also known as antimycotic. Lotrimin is an ex of a topical antifungal that is applied to treat or prevent athlete’s foot
Antigen
Any substance that the body regards as foreign. This includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues
Antibiotics
A medication that is capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. Anti- means against, bio means life, -tic means pertaining to. Antibiotics are effective against most bacterial infections, but they are not effective against viral infections
The binding of antigens to antibodies
Antigen-antibody reaction. Alsobknown as immune reaction. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. The immune system immediately responds to the presence of any antigen
Autoimmune disorder
Any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens. Also known as autoimmune disease. This abnormal functioning of the immune system appears to be genetically transmitted and predominantly occurs in women during the childbearing years. 3% of Americans have autoimmune disorder, with women affected 2.7 times more often than men. Affects most body systems
Bacilli
Rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria. Bacilli means tod-shaped. Singular bacillus
Bacteria
A group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which are pathogenic
Benign
Not life-threatening. Can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures
Candidiasis
An infection caused by yeast, a type of fungus, also known as yeast infection. Yeast infections occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans
Carcinoma
A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue. Carcin means cancer, -oma means tumor. Epithelial tissue forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. Tend to infiltrate and produce metastases (new cancer sites) that can affect any organ or part of the body
Carcinoma in situ
A malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.
Complement system
A group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells
Cytokines
A group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells that act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response
Cytomegalovirus
A group of large herpes-type viruses found in most body fluids and most often causing an infection without signs or symptoms (silent infection). Can cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system or when passed from mother to unborn child. Cyt/o means cell, megal/o means large, vir means virus, -us is singular noun ending.
Cytotoxic drug
Medication that kills or damages cells. Cyt/o means cell, tox means poison, -ic means pertaining to. These drugs are used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Breast cancer at its earliest stage, before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct. DCIS. At this stage, the cure rate is nearly 100%
Hemolytic
Describes the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse. Hem/o means blood, -lytic means to destroy
Herpes zoster
An acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve. Also known as shingles. This inflammation occurs when the dormant varicella (chickenpox) virus is reactivated later in life. A vaccine is available to help prevent shingles, and is recommended for adults 60 years and older
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
A malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection. also known as Hodgkin or Hodgkin’s
Human immunodeficiency virus
A bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections. HIV. Treatment for HIV includes a regimen of antiretroviral drugs sometimes referred to as a “cocktail” because they must be taken in combination with each other.
Immunoglobulins
Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody responsealso known as antibodies. There are five primary types of immunoglobulins
Immunosuppressant
A substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response. This medication is administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders
Immunotherapy
A treatment of disease by either stimulating or repressing the immune response. Alsocalled biological therapy. Immun/o means immune, -therapy means treatment. In the treatment of cancers, immunotherapy is used to stimulate the immune response to fight the malignancy. In the treatment of allergies, immunotherapy is used to repress the body’s sensitivity to a particular allergen. This treatment is also called allergy desensitization
Infectious mononucleosis
An infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes. Also known as mono. Swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue. Also known as invasive ductal carcinoma. IDC. Most common form of breast cancer
Interferons
Produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. They activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase their defenses
Lymphadenopathy
Any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes. Lymphaden means lymph node, -pathy means disease
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymph means lymph, angi means lymph vessel, -oma means tumor
Lymphedema
Swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues. Lymph means lymph, -edema means swelling. This is not the type of swelling that occurs due to an injury such as a sprained ankle. It is caused by damage to the lymphatic system that prevents lymph from draining properly. Because lymph is rich in protein, which is an environment that pathogens thrive in, lymphedema is often associated with infections
Lymphocytes
One or three types of cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells that act as specialized antibodies. Also known as lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes work together with the body’s organs to defend the body against antigens. Lymph/o means lymph, -cytes means cells. Lymphocytes undergo further maturation and differentiation in lymphoid tissues throughout the body. These changes enable these lymphocytes to act as specialized antibodies that are capable of attacking specific antigens
Lymphoma
A general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues. Lymph means lymph, -oma means tumor. This includes lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The two most common types of lymphoma are Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Lymphoscintigraphy
A diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels. A radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen
Macrophage
A type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. Macro- means large, -phage means a cell that eats. Also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells
Malaria
A disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitos and is transferred to humans by the bite of an affected mosquito. Symptoms develop 1-4 weeks after being infected and include fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue
Malignant
Becoming progressively worse and life-threatening
Mammography
A radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cellsmamm/o means breast, -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record
Metastasis
The process by which cancer is spread to a new site, may refer to the tumor itself. Plural metastases. A metastasis can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance from the primary site. Metastasis is a Latin word meaning transition
Metastasize
To spread from one place to another. Cancer sometimes moves from its primary site and metastasizes (spreads) to a secondary site, often through the circulatory or lymphatic system. The most common sites of metastatic tumors are bones, liver and lungs
Myoma
A benign tumor that made up of muscle tissue. My means muscle, -oma means tumor
Myosarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue. My/o means muscle, sarc means flesh, -oma means tumor
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
The term used to describe all lymphoma other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. More common type. There are many different types, all of which originate in the lymphocytes. So.e are aggressive (fast growing), some are indolent(slow growing)
Opportunistic infection
Caused by a pathogen that normally does not cause illness in healthy humans, but is able to cause an infection in a weakened host. When the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection
Osteosarcoma
A hard-tissue sarcoma usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or the knees. Oste/o means bone, sarc means flesh, -oma means tumor
Parasite
A plant or an animal that lives on or within another living organisms at the expense of that organism
Rabies
An acute viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal. If risk is suspected, it is necessary to undergo testing immediately so that post-exposure treatment can be started as quickly as possible. Without testing or treatment, the signs and symptoms of rabies usually occur 30-90 days after the bite, and once symptoms have developed, rabies is almost always fatal
Rickettsia
Small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans. Plural rickettsiae.
Rubella
A viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink wash. Also known as German measles or 3-day measles. Serious in women during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus
Sarcoma
A malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue. Plural sarcomas or sarcomata. Sarc means flesh, -oma means tumor
Spirochetes
Long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement. Syphilis is also caused by spirochetes
Splenomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the spleen. Splen/o means spleen, -megaly means enlargement. This condition can be due to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease such as mononucleosis, or abnormal functioning of the immune system
Staphylococci
Group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes. Staphyl/o means clusters or bunches of grapes, -cocci means spherical bacteria. Singular Staphylococcus. Most staphylococci are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms
Streptococci
Bacteria that form a chain. Strept/o means twisted chain, -cocci means spherical bacteria. Singular streptococcus. Many streptococcal species are harmless, however, other members of this group are responsible for serious illnesses such as strep throat, meningitis, endocarditis, and necrotizing fasciitis
Systemic reaction
A severe reaction to an allergen. Also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock. Without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes
Teletheraphy
Radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body that is precisely targeted with the use of three-dimensional computer imaging. Tele- means distant, -therapy means treatment
Toxoplasmosis
A parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces. Pregnant women should avoid contact it can causes diseases in the developing child such as microephalus (an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain, or hydrocephalus (excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
Varicella
A highly contagious disease caused by a herpes virus, varicella herpes characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid, -filled blisters that burst and form crusts. Also known as chickenpox
3 main functions of the lymphatic system
- Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine
- Remove waste products from the tissues and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens
- Return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck
Villi
Food is digested in the small intestine, which is lined with small fingerlike projections. Each villus (singular) contains lacteals and blood vessels
Lacteals
Specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals. The lymphatic vessels then return to the venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients
Blood vessels within the villus
The blood vessels absorb the nutrients, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins from the digested foods directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body
Interstitial fluid
Also known as intercellular or tissue fluid. Plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues. This fluid delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells. When interstitial fluid leaves the cells, it brings with it waste products and protein molecules that were created within the cells. About 90% of this fluid returns to the bloodstream
Lymph
Made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. A clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins. It plays essential roles in the lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with the immune system. Collects the protein molecules created within the cells as it leaves. Also removes dead cells, debris, and pathogens (including cancer cells) from the intercellular spaces. Enters very small capillaries within the tissues and then flows into progressively larger vessels and ducts as it travels in a one-way trip upward toward the neck. At this stage, lymph begins to play an active role in cooperation with the immune system to protect the body against invading microorganisms and diseases
Lymphatic circulatory system
Work closely with blood circulatory system, because of the similarities, lymphatic circulatory system is often referred to as secondary circulatory system. Blood circulates throughout the entire body in a loop, pumped by the heart. The bloodstream flows in an open system in which it leaves and renters the blood vessels through the capillaries. Since the lymphatic system does not have a pump-like organ, it must depend on the pumping motion of muscles to move the fluid. Lymph flows in only one direction. From its point of origin, lymph can move only upward until it returns to the circulatory system at the base of the neck. Once lymph enters a lymphatic capillary, it must continue this upward flow. Blood is filtered by the kidneys, and waste products are excreted by the urinary system. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes, which are located along lymphatic vessels. These nodes contain specialized cells of the immune system. The color of blood makes the arteries and veins readily visible. Since lymp is a clear fluid, the lymphatic vessels are not readily visible
Lymphatic capillaries
Microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tube’s located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. These cells separately briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward
Lymphatic vessels
Located deeper within the tissues where lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into these progressively larger lymphatic vessels. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph. The larger lymphatic vessels eventually join together to form two ducts. Each duct drains a specific part if the body and returns the lymph to the venous circulation
2 ducts of the lymphatic vessels
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Subclavian vein
The proximal part of the main vein of the arm
Right lymphatic duct
Collects lymph from the right side if the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. Empties into the right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs. Empties into the left subclavian vein
Lymph nodes
Each small bean-shaped node contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. Unfiltered lymph flows into the nodes, and here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells. Additional structures within the node filter the lymph to remove other impurities. After these processes are complete, the lymph leaves the node and continues its journey to become part of the venous circulation again. There are between 400-700 lymph nodes located along the larger lymphatic vessels, and approximately half of these nodes are in the abdomen. Most of the other nodes are positioned on the branches of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body
3 major groups of lymph nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Located along the sides of the neck. Cervic means neck, -al means pertaining to
Axillary lymph nodes
Located under the arms in the area known as the armpits. Axill means armpit, -ary means pertaining to
Inguinal lymph nodes
Located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen. Inguin means groin, -al means pertaining to
3 types of lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
B cells
T cells
Maturation
The process of becoming mature
Differentiation
To be modified to perform a specific function
Natural killer cells
NK cells. Play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
B cells
Also known as B lymphocytes. Specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocytes makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen. Most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood. When a B cell is confronted with the antigen that it is coded to destroy, that B cell is transformed into a plasma cell
Plasma cells
Develop from B cells and secretes a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
T cells
Also known as T lymphocytes. Get the T in their name from their origin in the thymus. Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity
Interleukins
Play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
Lymphoid
Pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue.
Tonsils
3 masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Play an important role in the immune system by preventing pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth
Adenoids
Also known as nasopharyngeal tonsils. Located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx
Palatine tonsils
Located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
Palatine
Describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
Lingual tonsils
Located at the base of the tongue. They are not readily visible
Lingual
Pertaining to the tongue
Thymus
A mass ofly.phoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age. As part of the endocrine system, the thymus secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells. These T cells, which are essential to the immune system, leave the thymus through the bloodstream and the lymphatic system
Vermiform appendix
Commonly referred to appendix. Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum which is the first section of the large intestine. Although its purpose was unknown for many years, recent research indicates that the appendix may play an important role in the immune system
Spleen
Sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue locatedin the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach. Filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. Forms lymphocytes and monocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) with important roles in the immune system. Has hemolytic function. Stores extra erythrocytes (red blood cells) and maintains the appropriate balance between these cells and the plasma of the blood
Primary function of the immune system
Maintain good health and to protect the body from harmful substances such as pathogens, allergens, toxins, malignant cells. First attempt is to prevent the entry of these harmful substances into the body. The immune system uses a complex system of chemical signaling between specialized cells to identify, attack, and remember antigens. This is accomplished by coordinating a highly specific response based on the type of antigen and differentiating it from the body’s own tissues to avoid attacking itself. After encountering an antigen once, the immune system’s “memory” of the invader enables the body to mount a more efficient future defense against that antigen
Pathogens
Disease-producing microorganisms
Toxins
Poisonous or harmful substances
Malignant cells
Potentially life-threatening cancer cells
First line of defense for the immune system
Intact skin
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Lymphatic system
Intact skin
Wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body
Intact
There are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin
Acid mantle
Skin is covered with this acid mantle that makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria
Respiratory system regarding first line of defense for the immune system
Traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membranes lining of the respiratory system. The tonsils form a protective ring around the entrance to the throat. If foreign matter gets past these barriers, coughing and sneezing help expel it from the respiratory system
Digestive system regarding the first line of defense for the immune system
Uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
Lymphatic system regarding the first line of defense for the immune system
The structures of the lymphatic system and specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
Tolerance
Refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. This term is also used to describe a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use
5 types of immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Immunoglobulin G
IgG. Most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. These antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles
Immunoglobulin A
IgA. Class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. These antibodies are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and they function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs
Immunoglobulin M
IgM. Class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. These are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen
Immunoglobulin D
IgD. Class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. These antibodies are important in B cell activation
Immunoglobulin E
IgE. Class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. These antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions
Phagocytes
Specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis. Phah/o means to eat or swallow, -cyte means cell. Phagocytes include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells
Phagocytosis
Process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.
Monocytes
Leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. Macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter into the tissue. Monocytes replenish macrophages and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
Specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs it, swallow it, and alwets B and T cells to act against this specific antigen
Complement
To complete or make whole
Immunity
State of being resistant to a specific disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired
Natural immunity
Also known as passive immunity. Resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease. Natural immunity is present at birth, and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby
Acquired immunity
Obtained by having had a contagious disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against that disease, such as measles or polio, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease
Vaccine
A preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened. For some diseases, such as tetanus, a periodic booster shot is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunity
Vaccination
Provides protection against the disease, however for some conditions a periodic booster is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunization
Allergist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
Immunologist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system. Immun means protected, -ologist means specialist
Lymphologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system . Lymph means lymphatic system, -ologist means specialist
Oncologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer. Onc means tumor, -ologist means specialist
Lymphadenitis
Commonly known as swollen glands, inflammation of the lymph nodes. Lymphaden means lymph node, -itis means inflammation. The terms lymph nodes and lymph glands are sometimes used interchangeably. Swelling of the lymph nodes is frequently an indication of an infection
Ruptured spleen
Medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen
Splenorrhagia
Bleeding from the spleen. Splen/o means spleen, -rrhagia means bleeding
Primary lymphedema
Hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs. The disorder occurs most frequently in females when the symptoms begin to appear during puberty. Most commonly treated with compression and exercise to control the swelling and to minimize the infections
Secondary lymphedema
Caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns. Most commonly treated with compression and exercise to control the swelling and to minimize the infections
Bioimpedance spectroscopy
Non-invasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. It measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb, with abnormally low results showing a buildup of lymph. If this condition can be diagnosed with this technique at an early stage, there is hope that it will not develop any further
Effectiveness if the immune system depends on the individual’s……(3 things)
General health
Age
Heredity
Allergic reaction
Occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader
Allergy
Also known as hypersensitivity. An overreaction by the body to a particular antigen. For allergic rhinitis, an allergic reaction to airborne allergens
Localized allergic response
Also known as cellular response. Includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. For ex., contact with poison ivy can cause a localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash. Although the body reacts mildly the first time it is exposed to the allergen, sensitivity is established, and future contacts can cause much more severe symptoms
Scratch test
Diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and agreed. Swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction
Allergic-specific immunoglobulin E
IgE. Blood test is sometimes used to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance
Antihistamines
Medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollen, and other types of allergies
Histamines
A substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ex of autoimmune disorder for skeletal system. Affects joints and connective tissues
Myasthenia gravis
Ex of autoimmune disorder for muscular system. Affects nerve and muscle synapses
Pernicious anemia
Ex of autoimmune disorder for cardiovascular system. Affects the red blood cells
Crohn’s disease
Ex of autoimmune disorder for digestive system. Affects the intestines, ileum, or the colon
Multiple sclerosis
Ex of autoimmune disorder for nervous system. Affects the brain and spinal cord
Scleroderma
Ex of autoimmune disorder for Integumentary system. Affects the skin and connective tissues
Graves’ disease
Ex of autoimmune disorder for endocrine system. Affects the thyroid gland
Immunodeficiency disorder
Occurs when the immune response is compromised
Compromised
Weakened or not functioning properly
Severe combined immunodeficiency
SCID. An inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections. Although the condition is rare, it is now normally part of infants’ newborn screening
Debilitated
Weakened by another condition
Kaposi’s sarcoma
An ex of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. this cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat, or in other organs
ELISA
Acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions
Western blot test
A blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. Performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive for HIV. this is necessary because the ELISA test sometimes produces a false positive result in which the test erroneously indicates the presence of HIV
Stimulate
To cause greater activity
Repress
To decrease or stop a normal response
Synthetic immunoglobulins
Also known as immune serum. Used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. The goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity
Post-exposure
The patient has been exposed to the virus. Ex. Being bitten by an animal with rabies
Synthetic interferon
Used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C and some cancers
Monoclonal antibodies
Any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. These artificially produced antibodies are used to enhance the patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer
Monoclonal
Pertaining to a single clone of cells
Clone
An exact replica of a group of bacteria
Immunosuppression
Treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
Corticosteroid drug
Hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.
Pathogen
A microorganism that causes a disease in humans
Microorganism
A living organisms that is so small it can be seen only with the aud of a microscope
Pathogenic
Capable of producing disease
Examples of types of pathogens
Bacillus
Spirochete
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Yeast
Virus
Bacteria
One-celled microscopic organisms. Singular bacterium. Most bacteria are not harmful to humans
Bacteria that are pathogenic
Bazillion
Anthrax
Rickettsia
Spirochetes
Lyme disease
Staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci
Anthrax
Contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis. Spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick
Lyme disease
LIME. Transmitted to humans by the bite of a Rick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. It is named for Old Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first diagnosed. Symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash known as erythema migrans. If untreated, Lyme disease can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system.
Staphylococcus aureus
Also known as staph aureus. Form of Staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria becomes resistant to this particular drug. As more and more bacteria become resistant to first-line antibiotics, the consequences are severe because the illness lasts longer, and the risk of complications and death increases. Originally these infections were nosocomial (hospital or clinic acquired) but now these antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasingly common in the general population
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Commonly known as MRSA. One if several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics. First symptom of MRSA looks like small, red bumps with a black top. These bumps soon become abscesses that require immediate care. MRSA are serious, difficult to treat, can be fatal, and often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry. These infections are becoming increasingly present in the general population
Fungus
A simple parasitic organism. Plural fungi. Some are harmless, some are pathogenic
Tinea pedis
Commonly known as athlete’s foot, a fungal infection that develops between the toes
Yeast
Type of fungus
Oral thrush
Yeast infection that occurs in the mouth
Vaginal candidiasis
Yeast infection Occurs in the vagina
Viruses
Very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invading the cells, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses. These viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process
Ebola
Rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus. Can only be transmitted when symptoms are present. Early symptoms, which usually appear within 21 days of exposure, include high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Late symptoms include massive internal bleeding and organ failure
Influenza
Commonly known as flu. Highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics. Flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. A vaccine is available annually to protect against the most common strains of influenza
Measles
Acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus. Symptoms include a red, itchy rash over the entire body, a high fever, runny nose, and coughing
Photphobia
Serious complications of measles which is a severe sensitivity to light
Mumps
Acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears. In adults, mumps can also cause painful swelling of the ovaries or testicles
Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination
MMR. Immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood
Rabid
An infected animal with rabies
West Nile virus
Spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. A mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms. A more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus is a member of the Flavivirus genus, which also includes the viruses that cause the mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever
Herpesviruses
Include varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex
Silent infection
Individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection
Postherpetic neuralgia
Complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak. The resulting pain can be severe and persistent
Inhibit
To slow the growth or development
Bactericide
Substance that causes the death of bacteria. Bacteri means bacteria, -cide means causing death. This group of antibiotics include penicillins and cephalosporins
Bacteriostatic
Agent Slows or stops the growth of bacteria. Bacteri means bacteria, -static means causing control. This group of antibiotics include tetracycline, sulfonamide, and erythromycin
Antiviral drug
Such as acyclovir, is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity. Anti- means against, vir means virus, -al means pertaining to
Oncology
Study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer. Onc means tumor, -ology means study of. Cancer is second leading cause of death in US after heart disease
Tumor
Also known as neoplasm (neo- means new or strange, -plasm means formation). An abnormal growth of body tissue. Within this mass, the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive
Benign tumor
Not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening
Malignant tumor
Form of cancer. It is capable of spreading to distant body sites, including to other body systems and it is potentially life-threatening
Angiogenesis
The process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply. Angi/o means vessel, -Genesis means reproduction
Antiangiogenesis
A form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor. Anti- means against, angi/o means vessel, -Genesis means reproduction
Cancer
Class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing
Infiltrate
To gain access to
In situ
In the place where the cancer first occurred
Adenocarcinoma
Any one of a large group of carcinoma derived from glandular tissue. Aden/o means gland, carcin means cancer, -oma means tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
Type of malignant tumor occurs in the basal cell layer of the epidermis
Hard-tissue sarcoma
Arise from bone or cartilage
Soft-tissue sarcomas
Cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints
Synovial sarcoma
Tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows
Liquid-tissue sarcoma
Arise from blood and lymph. Ex leukemia
Leukemia
Cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. Leuk/o means white, -emia means pertaining to blood
Staging
Process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis. Stages can be be indicated by letters, numbers or Roman numerals. Specific staging systems are used for different types of cancer
Breast cancer
Carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites
ER-positive
Majority of all breast cancers are ER-positive which means that they grow in response to the hormone estrogen
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
BReast CAncer 1 and 2. Abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian and certain other cancers. These genes are often a factor in inherited cancers
Inflammatory breast cancer
IBC. Rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. Grows rapidly, and the symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or a rash on the breast, and swelling of nearby lymph nodes
Male breast cancer
Can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men
Stages of breast cancer
Depend to the size of the cancer, the lymph node involvement, and the presence of metastases (spreading)
Stage 0 of stage of breast cancer
Cancer cells are found only in one location, such as ductal carcinoma in situ
Stage 1 of breast cancer
Cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached outside the breast into the lymph nodes
Stage 2 of breast cancer
Cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached one to three axillary (armpit) lymph nodes
Stage 3 of breast cancer
Cancer has spread to the cervical (neck) lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin. Inflammatory breast cancer
Stage 4 of breast cancer
Cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver or bones. This stage is also known as invasive or metastatic cancer
Breast self-examination
Self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer. The focus of sel-examination is checking for a new lump or for changes in an existing lump, the shape of the ripple, or the skin covering the breast
Palpation of the breast
Test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast
Mammogram
Resulting record of mammography
Molecular breast imaging
MBI. Nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
Ultrasound
Often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by mammography
Breast MRI
Uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk
Needle breast biopsy
A technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment. Bi- means pertaining to life, -opsy means view of. It is less painful and disfigured than a surgical biopsy
Surgical biopsy
Removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis. After a diagnosis have been established, treatment is then planned based on the stage of the cancer
Sentinel node biopsy
Biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body. After the sentinel lymph node has been identified, only this and the other affected nodes are removed for biopsy
Lymph node dissection
Surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area. Ex, axillary lymph node dissection
Lumpectomy
Surgical removal of the only cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
Mastectomy
Surgical removal of the entire breast and pipe. Mast means breast, -ectomy means surgical removal. This procedure often includes the removal of axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
Radical mastecomy
Surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
Modified radical mastectomy
Surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
Immediate breast reconstruction
Begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an “expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
Delayed breast reconstruction
May be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment
Most common forms of treatment for cancer
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Laser surgery
Uses targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells
Cryosurgery
Which cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen
Chemotherapy
Use of chemical agents and drugs in combination selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
Chemoprevention
Use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. May also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor
Antineoplastic
Medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells. Anti-against, ne/o means new, plast means growth or formation, -ic means pertaining to
Proliferation
To increase rapidly
Radiation
With the goal of destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing healthy tissues
Brachytherapy
Use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated. Brachy- means short, -therapy means treatment
Tomotherapy
Combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated. Tom/o means sluce, -therapy means treatment. In this type of therapy, radiation is delivered slice by slice to the tumor and is able to avoid healthy tissue
Targeted therapy
Developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. Ex monoclonal antibody
Adjuvant therapy
Sometimes used after the pri.ary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur. Can also include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy or targeted therapy
Adjuvant
Refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug
Clinical trials
Involving testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved on patients who agree to be part of the research
A
Ab
Antibody
AG
Ag
Antigen
CA
Ca
Cancer
CIS
Carcinoma in situ
DCIS
Ductal carcinoma in situ
HZ
Herpes zoster
HL
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
IG
Immunoglobulin
LE
Lymphedema
MMR
Measles, mumps and, rubella vaccination
MET
Metastasis
met
Metastasize
NHL
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
VSZ
Varicella
Axil/o
Armpit
Myc/o
Fungus
Phot/o
Light
-ary
Pertaining to
-gen
Producing, causing
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
VZV
Varicella zoster virus
TNM cancer staging
Most widely used cancer staging system by hospitals.
T refers to the size and extent of the primary tumor.
N refers to the number of nearby lymph nodes that contain cancer.
M refers to whether the cancer has metastasized
cTNM cancer staging
Clinical, based on the results of the tests
pTNM cancer staging
Pathological, based on information about the tumor itself
T in TNM cancer staging
TX main tumor cannot be measured
TO main tumor cannot be identified
T1, T2, T3, T4 the higher the number, the larger the tumor
N in TNM cancer staging
NX cancer is nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured
N0 there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
N1, N2, N3 the more lymph nodes with cancer, the larger the number assigned
M in TNM cancer staging
MX metastasis cannot be measured
M0 cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
M1 cancer has spread to other parts of the body
