Ch 3 Flashcards
Skeleton
Bones provide the rigid framework of the body. Protects and supports the body and consists of bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons. Consists of 206 bones, up to 350 bones. Divided into the axial and appendicular skeletal systems
Oss/e
Oss/I
Oste/o
Ost/o
Bones, act as a framework for the body, protect the internal organs and store calcium
Myel/o
Bone marrow or spinal cord, red bone marrow helps form red blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stores fat
Chondr/o
Cartilage, creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones
Arthr/o
Joints, work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible
Ligament/o
Ligaments, connect one bone to another
Synovi/o
Synov/o
Synovial membrane, forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid. Also synovial fluid
Burs/o
Bursa, cushion areas subject to friction during movement
Ankyl/o
Crooked, bent, stiff
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
-desis
To bind or tie together
Kyph/o
Bent or hump
Lord/o
Curve, swayback bent
-lysis
Setting free or loosening. Also means breaking down or destruction and may indicate either a pathologic state or therapeutic procedure
Scoli/o
Curved or bent
Spondyl/o
Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
Acetabulum
Ass-eh-tab-you-lum
The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint, commonly known as the hip socket
Allogenic
Originating within another
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ang-kih-loh-sing spon-dih-lye-tis
A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae. Ankylosing means progressive thickening of a joint or joints, spondyl means vertebrae, -itis means inflammation
Arthrodesis
Ar-throh-dee-sis
The surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint. Also known as surgical ankylosis. Arthr/o means joint, -desis means to bind, tie together. This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or damaged joint
Arthrolysis
Ar-throl-ih-sis
The surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint. Arthr/o means joint, -lysis means loosening or setting free
Arthroscopy
The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope. Arthr/o means joint, -scopy means visual examination
Autologous
Originating within the individual
Avascular necrosis
An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow. Also known as osteonecrosis. A- means without, vascul means blood vessels,-ar means pertaining to, necrosis means tissue death. Very common in hip joint which requires hip replacement
Chondromalacia
Kon-droh-mah-lay-shee-ah
The abnormal softening of cartilage
Comminuted fracture
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
Compression fracture
Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
Costochondritis
Kos-toh-kon-drigh-tis
An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
Craniostenosis
A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Crani/o means skull, -stenosis means abnormal narrowing
Crepitation
The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. Also known as crepitus. This term refers to any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body. Frequently describes the popping or clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
Ab-sorp-shee-om-eh-tree
A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips that measure bone density
Gout
A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually begins with the big toe. Also known as gouty arthritis. Joints affected by gout are typically warm, red, excruciatingly sensitive
Hallux valgus
An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe, also known as bunion
Hemarthrosis
Blood within a joint
Hemopoietic
Hee-moh-poy-et-ick
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells. Hem/o means blood, -poietic means pertaining to formation. Also called hematopoietic
Internal fixation
A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue
Kyphosis
An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side, also known as humpback or dowager’s hump. Kyph means hump, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Laminoectomy
The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra. Lamin means lamina, -ectomy means surgical removal
Lordosis
An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine, also known as swayback. Lord means bent backward, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Lumbago
Pain in the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain. Lumb means lumbar, -ago means diseased condition
Malleolus
The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
Manubrium
The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
Metacarpals
The five bones that form the palms of the hand
Metatarsals
The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached
Myeloma
A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow. Myel means bone marrow, -oma means tumor. This condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal
Open fracture
A break in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin, also known as compound fracture
Orthopedic surgeon
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles, also known as orthopedist
Orthotic
A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
Osteitis
Inflammation of the bone, also spelled as ostitis. Oste means bone, -iris means inflammation
Osteoarthritis
The type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging, also known as wear-and-tear arthritis. Oste/o means bone, arthr means joint, -itis means inflammation. OA. Known as a degenerative joint disease because it is characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints. Also characterized by hypertrophy of bone and formation of osteophytes
Osteochondroma
A benign bony projection covered with cartilage. Oste/o means bone, chondr means cartilage, -oma means tumor. Also known as exostosis ( plural exostoses)
Osteoclasis
The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
Osteomalacia
Abnormal softening of bones in adults, also known as adult rickets. Oste/o means bone, -malacia means abnormal softening. This condition is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, phosphate
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. Oste/o means bone, myel means bone marrow, -itis means inflammation. The bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood
Osteopenia
Thinner-than-average bone density. Oste/o means bone, -penia means deficiency. This describes the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis but has a greater than average chance of developing it
Osteoporosis
A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging. Oste/o means bone, por means small opening, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Osteoporotic hip fracture
A broken bone usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
Osteorrhaphy
Surgical suturing or wiring together of bones
Paget’s disease
A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak. Named for Sir James Paget.
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures of the spine. Vertebr/o means vertebra, -plasty means surgical repair. Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
Periostitis
An inflammation of the periosteum. Peri- means surrounding, ost means bone, -itis means inflammation. This condition is often associated with shin splints
Podiatrist
A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot. Holds a Doctor of Posiatry (DP). Pod means foot, -iatrist means specialist
Polymyalgia rheumatica
An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips, thighs
Prosthesis
A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated. Plural prostheses
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. RA. as RA attacks the synovial membranes, they become inflamed and thickened so that the joints are increasingly swollen, painful, and immobile
Rickets
A deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones
Scoliosis
An abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. Scoli means curved, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Spina bifida
A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. Spina means pertaining to the spine, bifida means split. Some cases are due to a lack of nutrient folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy
Spiral fracture
A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
Spondylolisthesis
The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it. Spondyl/o means vertebrae, -listhesis means slipping
Spondylosis
A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function, also known as spinal osteoarthritis. Spondyl means vertebrae, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Subluxation
The partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Synovectomy
The surgical removal of a synovial membrane of a joint. Synov means synovial membrane, -ectomy means surgical removal. One use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis
Vertebrae
The bony structural units of a spinal column
Ossification
Newborn’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone which continues through adolescence
Osteoclasts
Process of new bone formation, break down old or damaged bones
Osteoblasts
Help rebuild the bone
Bone
Form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body. Dental enamel is harder than bone
Periosteum
Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone. Peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, -um means noun ending
Compact bone
Also known as cortical bone, dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. This bone Accounts for more than 75% of the body’s bone matter
Spongy bone
Also known as cancerous bone, porous (sponge-like) which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone. Red bone marrow is often located within this spongy bone, which is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, and the vertebrae of the spinal column. Bones with large percentage of spongy bones are weaker and more susceptible to fractures
Long bones
Femur and humerus
Medullary cavity
Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by the compact bone. Red and yellow bone marrow are stored
Medullary
Pertaining to the inner section
Endosteum
Tissue that lines the medullary cavity. End- means within, oste means bone, -um means noun ending
Red bone marrow
Located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
Yellow bone marrow
Functions as a storage area. Composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones. Most bone marrow is red at birth til adolescence, half gets replaced by yellow bone marrow
Cartilage
Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts like a shock absorber between bones. More elastic than bone, outer ear and tip of the nose
Articular cartilage
Covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints. Makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other
Articulate
Come together
Meniscus
Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the themporomandibular joint of the jaw
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Epiphyses
Wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs.
Singular-epiphysis.
Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it
Proximal epipyhsis
The end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
Distal epipyhsis
The end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body
Foramen
Foh-ray-men
An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Singular- foramina
Ex, spinal cord passes through foramen magnum of the occipital bone at the base of the skull
Process
Normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.
Ex, mastoid process is the bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears
Joints
Also known as articulations. Place of union between two or more bones.
Joints are classified either according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow
Fibrous joints
Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together.
In adults, also known as sutures, do not allow movement.
Fontanelles
Also known as soft spots. Normally present on the skulls of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. Sutures close, fontanelles harden as child matures
Cartilaginous joints
Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.
Ex, where the ribs connect to the sternum, joints allowed movement for breathing
Pubic symphysis
Allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis
Synovial joint
Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.
Ball-and-socket joints
Such as hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
Hinge joints
Such as knees and elbows, synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
Synovial capsule
Outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
Synovial membrane
Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
Flows within the synovial cavity, acta as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
Ligaments
Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as knees, are made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions
Bursa
A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone
Axial skeleton
Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Consists of 80 bones of head and body
5 parts of axial skeleton
- Bones of the skull
- Ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
- Hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid
- Rib cage
- Vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
Makes body movements possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Consists of 126 bones
2 parts of appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Upper extremities
Shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, hands
Lower extremities
Hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet
Appendage
Anything that is attached to a major part of the body
Appendicular
Referring to an appendage
Extremity
Terminal end of a body part, such as an arm or leg
Skull
Consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, 6 bones that form the middle ear
Cranium
Made up of the 8 bones, a portion of the skull that encloses and protect the brain. Crani means skull, -um means noun ending. Cranial bones are joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to sutures
8 bones of the cranium
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bones
External auditory meatus
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses. The nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball
Parietal bones
Two of the largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
Occipital bone
Forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
Temporal bones
Form the sides and base of the cranium
External auditory meatus
The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This canal is located within the temporal bone of each side of the skull
Meatus
External opening of a canal
Sphenoid tissue
Irregular, wegde-shaped bone at the base of the skull. This bone makes contact with all of the other cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors. And sides of the eye sockets.
Ethmoid bone
Light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose. Separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and it also forms a portion of each orbit.
Orbit
Bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
Auditory ossicles
Three tiny bones located in each middle ear. Malleus, incus, stapes
14 bones of the face
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
Maxillary bones
Palatine bones
Lacrimal bones
Inferior conchae
Vomer bones
Mandible
Sinuses
Many face bones contain air-filled cavities. Purpose of sinuses is to lighten the weight of the skull
Nasal bones
Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Zygomatic bones
Also known as cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that make up the forehead
Maxillary bones
Form most of the upper jaw. Singular- maxilla. Also known as maxillae
Palatine bones
Form the anterior (front) part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
Lacrimal bones
Make up part of the orbit (socket of the eye) at the inner angle
Inferior conchae
Thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose. Singular- concha
Vomer bone
Forms the base for the nasal septum
Nasal septum
Cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
Mandible
Also known as jawbone, only movable bone of the skull. Mandible is attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Commonly known as TM
Thoracic cavity
Also known as rib cage, bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. Consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms
Ribs
Also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. Cost means ribs, -al means pertaining to
True ribs
First seven pairs of ribs, they attach anteriorly to the sternum
False ribs
Next three pair of ribs, they attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
Floating ribs
Last two pairs of ribs, they are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but not attached anteriorly
Sternum
Also known as breast bone, flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage
Three parts of the sternum
Manubrium
Body of the sternum or gladiolus
Xiphoid process
Manubrium
Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
Gladoilus
Also known as the body of the sternum, bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process
Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum. Xiphoid comes from Greek word for straight sword
Pectoral girdle
Shoulders form this which supports the arms and hands, also known as shoulder girdle
Girdle
Refers to a structure that encircles the body
Clavicle
Also known as collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
Scapula
Also known as the shoulder blade. Plural- scapulae
Acromion
Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
Humerus
Bone of the upper arm.
Plural - humeri
Radius
Smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. The radius run up the thumb side of the forearm. Plural - radii
Ulna
Larger and longer bone of the forearm. Plural - ulnae. Proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
Olecranon process
Also known as funny bone. Large projection on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
Carpals
Bones that form the wrist. Singular - carpal.
Carpal tunnel
Carpal form a narrow bony passage . The median nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through this tunnel to reach the hand
Metacarpals
Five bones that form the palms of the hands
Phalanges
14 bones of the fingers or toes. Singular - phalanx.
3 bones of fingers (phalanges)
Distal (outermost)
Middle
Proximal (nearest the hand)
Two Thumb bone
Distal and proximal phalanges
Spinal column
Also known asvertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. Consists of 26 vertebrae
Vetebra
Bony units of the vertebral column
Body of the vertebra
Anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength
Lamina
Posterior portion of a vertebra. Plural - laminae. The transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
Vertebral foramen
Opening in the middle of the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord
Intervertebral disks
Made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other. Also act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column
Cervical vertebrae
First set of 7 vertebrae, and they form the neck. Cervical means pertaining to the neck. Also known as C1 through C7
Thoracic vertebrae
Known as T1 through T12, second set of 12 vertebrae. Each vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine. Thoracic means pertaining to the thoracic cavity
Lumbar vertebrae
Known as L1 to L5, make up the third set of five vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae, and they bear most of the body’s weight.
Lumbar
Relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis
Last two vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sacrum
Slightly, curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, this was five bones that later fused together as one bone as child matures
Coccyx
Also known as tailbone. Forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together. Coccyx came from Greek word for cuckoo because it was shaped like cuckoo’s beak
Pelvis
Also known as bony pelvis. Protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. In addition to sacrum and coccyx, it includes the pelvic girdle
Pelvic girdle
Cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium, pubis
Ilium
Broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
Sacroiliac
Slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium . Sacr/o means sacrum, ili means ilium, -ac means pertaining to
Ischium
Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
Pubis
Forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder
Symphysis
Place where two bones are closely joined
Pubic bones
Formed together from ilium, ischium, pubis from birth. These form left and right pubic bones, which are hel securely together by pubic symphysis
Acetabulum
Also known as hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvic that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
Femurs
Largest bones of the body. Also known as thigh bones.
Femoral
Pertaining to the femur
Head of the femur
Articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket)
Femoral neck
Narrow area just below the head of the femur
Patella
Also known as kneecap, bony anterior portion of the knee
Popliteal
Describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
Cruciate ligaments
Make possible the movements of the knee. Known as anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross
2 Lower leg bone parts
Tibia
Fibula
Tibia
Also known as shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
Fibula
Smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
Ankles
Joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible
Tarsal
Part of ankle, 7 short Marsalis bones, similar to wrist but larger in size
Malleolus
Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint. Plural - malleoli
Talus
Ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus
Also known as heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones
Feet and toes are made up of the following bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached
Phalanges
Bones of the toes. Great toe have two phalanges, all the rest have three phalanges.
Chiropractor
Holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of the disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
Manipulative treatment
Involve manually adjusting the positions of the bones
Osteopath
Holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation. Oste/o means bone, -path means disease
Osteopathy
Type of medical practice or any bone disease
Rheumatologist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
Ankylosis
Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure. Ankyl means crooked, bent, or stiff, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Mobility
Being capable of movement
Adhesive capsulitis
Also known as frozen shoulder.
Painful ankylosis of the shoulders. Capsul means little box, -itis means inflammation. It is caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter
Arthrosclerosis
Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly. Arthr/o means joint, -sclerosis means abnormal hardening
Baker’s cyst
Also known as popliteal cyst, a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa. Burs means bursa, -itis means inflammation
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of cartilage. Chond/o means cartilage, -malaria means abnormal softening
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum. Cost/o means tibia, chondr means cartilage, -itis means inflammation
Hallux valgus
Also known as bunion. Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe. Hallux is latin for big toe, valgus means bent
Hermathrosis
Blood within the joint. Hem means blood, arthr means joint, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It can also occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia
Polymyalgia rheumatica
PMR, inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs. Poly- means many, My means muscle, -algia means pain. Rheumatica is latin wird for rheumatism
Rheumatism
Obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting tissue
Sprain
Occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint. Synov means synovial, -itis means inflammation. This condition is caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage
Dislocation
Also known as luxation, total displacement of a bone from its joint
Subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Arthritis
Inflammatory condition of one or more joints. Arthr means joint, -itis means inflammation. There are more than 100 types of arthritis
Degenerative
Breaking down or impairment of a body part
Osteophytes
Bone spurs
Spondyloarthropathies
Type of chronic inflammatory back disorders
Herniated disk
Also known as slipped or ruptured disk. Breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
Short stature
Also known as dwarfism. Condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk. Over 200 different conditions can cause short stature.
Talipes
Tal-ih-peez
Also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)
Primary bone cancer
Relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
Malignant
Becoming progressively worse and life-threatening
Ewing’s sarcoma
Tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis or rib. The peak incidence for the development of this condition is between 10 and 20 years
Secondary bone cancer
Tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as breats or lungs
Benign
Something that is not life-threatening and does not recur
3 types of fractures for osteoporosis
Compression fracture
Colles’ fracture
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Compression fracture
Also known as vertebral crush fracture. Occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This results in pain, loss of height and dowager’s hump
Dowager’s hump
Development of the spinal curvature
Colles’ fracture
Named for Irish surgeon Abraham Colles. Also known as fractured wrist. This fracture occurs at the lowest end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands. The impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Also known as broken hip. Usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as a result of a fall. Osteporotic means pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones
Fracture
Broken bone
Types of bone fractures
Greenstick (incomplete)
Closed (simple, complete)
Open (compound)
Comminuted
Closed fracture
also known as simple fracture or complete fracture, one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
Open fracture
Also known as compound fracture. One in which the bone is broken, and there is an open wound in the skin
Comminuted fracture
One in which the bone is splintered or crushed
Comminuted
Crushed into small pieces
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete fracture, one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. This happens primarily in children
Oblique fracture
Occurs at an angle across the bone
Pathologic fracture
Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer
Stress fracture
An overuse injury, is a small Crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
Transverse fracture
Occurs straight across the bone
Fat embolus
Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
Embolus
Any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
Callus
As bone heals, this forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break. This tissue eventually becomes bone.
Also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing
Radiograph
Also known as X-ray. Use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
Bone marrow biopsy
Diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
Bone marrow aspiration
Use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow. This procedure is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedure such as stem cell transplantations
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI, used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints.
Bone density testing
BDT, used to determine losses or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, page’s disease
Ultrasonic bone density testing
Screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone.
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
DXA, low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing
Bone marrow transplant
BMT, used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, which affect bone marrow. In this treatment, both cancer cells and the patient’s bone marrow are destroyed with high-intensity radiation and chemotherapy. Next, bone marrow stem cells are transfused into the recipient’s blood. These cells migrate to the spongy bone, where they multiply to form cancer-free red bone marrow
Stem cells
Produced by the bone marrow eventually develop into blood cells
Types of bone marrow transplants
Allogenic bone marrow transplant
Autologous bone marrow transplant
Allogenic bone marrow transplant
Uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
Allogenic
Originating within another
Autologous bone marrow transplant
The patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is destroyed
Autologous
Originating within an individual.
Arthroscopic surgery
Minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. Ex., torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of damaged cartilage. Chondr/o means cartilage, -plasty means surgical repair
Arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a damaged joint. Arthr/o means joint, -plasty means surgical repair. Surgical placement of an artificial joint. These procedures are named for the involved joint and the amount of the joint that is replaced
Implant
Joint replacement part is a prosthesis
Total knee replacement
TKR, all of the parts of the knee were replaced. Also known as total knee arthroplasty
Partial knee replacement
PKR, procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
Total hip replacement
THR, also known as total hip arthroplasty, performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur. These smooth surfaces restore the function of the hip joint
Hip resurfacing
Alternative to removing the head of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
Revision surgery
Replacement of a worn or failed implant
Percutaneous diskectomy
Performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. A thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser
Percutaneous
Performed through the skin
Spinal fusion
Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae
Fusion
Join together
Craniectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull. Crani means skull, -ectomy means surgical removal. This procedure is performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain
Intracranial pressure
Amount of pressure inside the skull
Craniotomy
Surgical incision or opening into the skull. Crani means skull, -otomy means surgical incision. This procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures
Cranioplasty
Surgical repair of the skull. Crani/o means skull, -plasty means surgical repair
Osteoclasis
Surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity. Oste/o means bone, -clasis means to break
Ostectomy
Surgical removal of bone. Ost means bone, -ectomy means surgical removal
Osteorrhaphy
Surgical suturing, or wiring together of bones. Oste/o means bone, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing
Osteotomy
Surgical cutting of a bone. Oste means bone, -otomy means surgical incision. This may include removing part or all of a bone, or cutting into or through a bone
Periosteotomy
Incision through the periosteum to the bone. Peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, -otomy means surgical incision
Closed reduction
Also known as manipulation. Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing
Open reduction
Realign the bone parts when closed reduction is not practical
Immobilization
Also known as stabilization. Act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
Traction
Pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
External fixation
A fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete, the appliance is removed
Internal fixation
Also known as open reduction internal fixation, ORIF. a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixationis not usually removed after the fracture has healed
CR
Closed reduction
BDT
Bone density testing
Fx
Fracture
OA
Osteoarthritis
OP
Osteoporosis
PKR
Partial knee replacement
PMR
Polymyalgia rheumatica
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
THA
Total hip arthroplasty
TKA
Total knee arthroplasty
