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Lesson 2 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton

A

Bones provide the rigid framework of the body. Protects and supports the body and consists of bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons. Consists of 206 bones, up to 350 bones. Divided into the axial and appendicular skeletal systems

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2
Q

Oss/e
Oss/I
Oste/o
Ost/o

A

Bones, act as a framework for the body, protect the internal organs and store calcium

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3
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow or spinal cord, red bone marrow helps form red blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stores fat

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4
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage, creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones

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5
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joints, work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible

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6
Q

Ligament/o

A

Ligaments, connect one bone to another

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7
Q

Synovi/o
Synov/o

A

Synovial membrane, forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid. Also synovial fluid

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8
Q

Burs/o

A

Bursa, cushion areas subject to friction during movement

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9
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Crooked, bent, stiff

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10
Q

Cost/o

A

Rib

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11
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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12
Q

-desis

A

To bind or tie together

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13
Q

Kyph/o

A

Bent or hump

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14
Q

Lord/o

A

Curve, swayback bent

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15
Q

-lysis

A

Setting free or loosening. Also means breaking down or destruction and may indicate either a pathologic state or therapeutic procedure

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16
Q

Scoli/o

A

Curved or bent

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17
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

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18
Q

Acetabulum

A

Ass-eh-tab-you-lum
The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint, commonly known as the hip socket

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19
Q

Allogenic

A

Originating within another

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20
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Ang-kih-loh-sing spon-dih-lye-tis
A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae. Ankylosing means progressive thickening of a joint or joints, spondyl means vertebrae, -itis means inflammation

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21
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Ar-throh-dee-sis
The surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint. Also known as surgical ankylosis. Arthr/o means joint, -desis means to bind, tie together. This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or damaged joint

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22
Q

Arthrolysis

A

Ar-throl-ih-sis
The surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint. Arthr/o means joint, -lysis means loosening or setting free

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23
Q

Arthroscopy

A

The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope. Arthr/o means joint, -scopy means visual examination

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24
Q

Autologous

A

Originating within the individual

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25
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow. Also known as osteonecrosis. A- means without, vascul means blood vessels,-ar means pertaining to, necrosis means tissue death. Very common in hip joint which requires hip replacement

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26
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Kon-droh-mah-lay-shee-ah
The abnormal softening of cartilage

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27
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

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29
Q

Costochondritis

A

Kos-toh-kon-drigh-tis
An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

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30
Q

Craniostenosis

A

A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Crani/o means skull, -stenosis means abnormal narrowing

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31
Q

Crepitation

A

The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. Also known as crepitus. This term refers to any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body. Frequently describes the popping or clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints

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32
Q

Dual x-ray absorptiometry

A

Ab-sorp-shee-om-eh-tree
A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips that measure bone density

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33
Q

Gout

A

A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually begins with the big toe. Also known as gouty arthritis. Joints affected by gout are typically warm, red, excruciatingly sensitive

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34
Q

Hallux valgus

A

An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe, also known as bunion

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35
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Blood within a joint

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36
Q

Hemopoietic

A

Hee-moh-poy-et-ick
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells. Hem/o means blood, -poietic means pertaining to formation. Also called hematopoietic

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37
Q

Internal fixation

A

A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place

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38
Q

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue

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39
Q

Kyphosis

A

An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side, also known as humpback or dowager’s hump. Kyph means hump, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

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40
Q

Laminoectomy

A

The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra. Lamin means lamina, -ectomy means surgical removal

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41
Q

Lordosis

A

An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine, also known as swayback. Lord means bent backward, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

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42
Q

Lumbago

A

Pain in the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain. Lumb means lumbar, -ago means diseased condition

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43
Q

Malleolus

A

The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

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44
Q

Manubrium

A

The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

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45
Q

Metacarpals

A

The five bones that form the palms of the hand

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46
Q

Metatarsals

A

The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached

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47
Q

Myeloma

A

A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow. Myel means bone marrow, -oma means tumor. This condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal

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48
Q

Open fracture

A

A break in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin, also known as compound fracture

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49
Q

Orthopedic surgeon

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles, also known as orthopedist

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50
Q

Orthotic

A

A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

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51
Q

Osteitis

A

Inflammation of the bone, also spelled as ostitis. Oste means bone, -iris means inflammation

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52
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

The type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging, also known as wear-and-tear arthritis. Oste/o means bone, arthr means joint, -itis means inflammation. OA. Known as a degenerative joint disease because it is characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints. Also characterized by hypertrophy of bone and formation of osteophytes

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53
Q

Osteochondroma

A

A benign bony projection covered with cartilage. Oste/o means bone, chondr means cartilage, -oma means tumor. Also known as exostosis ( plural exostoses)

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54
Q

Osteoclasis

A

The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

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55
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of bones in adults, also known as adult rickets. Oste/o means bone, -malacia means abnormal softening. This condition is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, phosphate

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56
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. Oste/o means bone, myel means bone marrow, -itis means inflammation. The bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood

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57
Q

Osteopenia

A

Thinner-than-average bone density. Oste/o means bone, -penia means deficiency. This describes the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis but has a greater than average chance of developing it

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58
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging. Oste/o means bone, por means small opening, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

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59
Q

Osteoporotic hip fracture

A

A broken bone usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

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60
Q

Osteorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing or wiring together of bones

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61
Q

Paget’s disease

A

A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak. Named for Sir James Paget.

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62
Q

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures of the spine. Vertebr/o means vertebra, -plasty means surgical repair. Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column

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63
Q

Periostitis

A

An inflammation of the periosteum. Peri- means surrounding, ost means bone, -itis means inflammation. This condition is often associated with shin splints

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64
Q

Podiatrist

A

A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot. Holds a Doctor of Posiatry (DP). Pod means foot, -iatrist means specialist

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65
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips, thighs

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66
Q

Prosthesis

A

A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated. Plural prostheses

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67
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. RA. as RA attacks the synovial membranes, they become inflamed and thickened so that the joints are increasingly swollen, painful, and immobile

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68
Q

Rickets

A

A deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones

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69
Q

Scoliosis

A

An abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. Scoli means curved, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

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70
Q

Spina bifida

A

A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. Spina means pertaining to the spine, bifida means split. Some cases are due to a lack of nutrient folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy

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71
Q

Spiral fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

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72
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it. Spondyl/o means vertebrae, -listhesis means slipping

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73
Q

Spondylosis

A

A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function, also known as spinal osteoarthritis. Spondyl means vertebrae, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

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74
Q

Subluxation

A

The partial displacement of a bone from its joint

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75
Q

Synovectomy

A

The surgical removal of a synovial membrane of a joint. Synov means synovial membrane, -ectomy means surgical removal. One use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis

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76
Q

Vertebrae

A

The bony structural units of a spinal column

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77
Q

Ossification

A

Newborn’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone which continues through adolescence

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78
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Process of new bone formation, break down old or damaged bones

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79
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Help rebuild the bone

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80
Q

Bone

A

Form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body. Dental enamel is harder than bone

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81
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone. Peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, -um means noun ending

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82
Q

Compact bone

A

Also known as cortical bone, dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. This bone Accounts for more than 75% of the body’s bone matter

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83
Q

Spongy bone

A

Also known as cancerous bone, porous (sponge-like) which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone. Red bone marrow is often located within this spongy bone, which is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, and the vertebrae of the spinal column. Bones with large percentage of spongy bones are weaker and more susceptible to fractures

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84
Q

Long bones

A

Femur and humerus

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85
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by the compact bone. Red and yellow bone marrow are stored

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86
Q

Medullary

A

Pertaining to the inner section

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87
Q

Endosteum

A

Tissue that lines the medullary cavity. End- means within, oste means bone, -um means noun ending

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88
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

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89
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Functions as a storage area. Composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones. Most bone marrow is red at birth til adolescence, half gets replaced by yellow bone marrow

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90
Q

Cartilage

A

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts like a shock absorber between bones. More elastic than bone, outer ear and tip of the nose

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91
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints. Makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other

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92
Q

Articulate

A

Come together

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93
Q

Meniscus

A

Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the themporomandibular joint of the jaw

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94
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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95
Q

Epiphyses

A

Wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs.
Singular-epiphysis.
Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it

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96
Q

Proximal epipyhsis

A

The end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

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97
Q

Distal epipyhsis

A

The end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body

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98
Q

Foramen

A

Foh-ray-men
An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Singular- foramina
Ex, spinal cord passes through foramen magnum of the occipital bone at the base of the skull

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99
Q

Process

A

Normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.
Ex, mastoid process is the bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears

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100
Q

Joints

A

Also known as articulations. Place of union between two or more bones.
Joints are classified either according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow

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101
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together.
In adults, also known as sutures, do not allow movement.

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102
Q

Fontanelles

A

Also known as soft spots. Normally present on the skulls of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. Sutures close, fontanelles harden as child matures

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103
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.
Ex, where the ribs connect to the sternum, joints allowed movement for breathing

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104
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis

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105
Q

Synovial joint

A

Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.

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106
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

Such as hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions

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107
Q

Hinge joints

A

Such as knees and elbows, synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

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108
Q

Synovial capsule

A

Outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

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109
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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110
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Flows within the synovial cavity, acta as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

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111
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as knees, are made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions

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112
Q

Bursa

A

A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone

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113
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Consists of 80 bones of head and body

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114
Q

5 parts of axial skeleton

A
  1. Bones of the skull
  2. Ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
  3. Hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid
  4. Rib cage
  5. Vertebral column
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115
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Makes body movements possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Consists of 126 bones

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116
Q

2 parts of appendicular skeleton

A

Upper extremities
Lower extremities

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117
Q

Upper extremities

A

Shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, hands

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118
Q

Lower extremities

A

Hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet

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119
Q

Appendage

A

Anything that is attached to a major part of the body

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120
Q

Appendicular

A

Referring to an appendage

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121
Q

Extremity

A

Terminal end of a body part, such as an arm or leg

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122
Q

Skull

A

Consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, 6 bones that form the middle ear

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123
Q

Cranium

A

Made up of the 8 bones, a portion of the skull that encloses and protect the brain. Crani means skull, -um means noun ending. Cranial bones are joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to sutures

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124
Q

8 bones of the cranium

A

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bones
External auditory meatus
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

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125
Q

Frontal bone

A

Anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses. The nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball

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126
Q

Parietal bones

A

Two of the largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

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127
Q

Occipital bone

A

Forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

128
Q

Temporal bones

A

Form the sides and base of the cranium

129
Q

External auditory meatus

A

The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This canal is located within the temporal bone of each side of the skull

130
Q

Meatus

A

External opening of a canal

131
Q

Sphenoid tissue

A

Irregular, wegde-shaped bone at the base of the skull. This bone makes contact with all of the other cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors. And sides of the eye sockets.

132
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose. Separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and it also forms a portion of each orbit.

133
Q

Orbit

A

Bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball

134
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Three tiny bones located in each middle ear. Malleus, incus, stapes

135
Q

14 bones of the face

A

Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
Maxillary bones
Palatine bones
Lacrimal bones
Inferior conchae
Vomer bones
Mandible

136
Q

Sinuses

A

Many face bones contain air-filled cavities. Purpose of sinuses is to lighten the weight of the skull

137
Q

Nasal bones

A

Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

138
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Also known as cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that make up the forehead

139
Q

Maxillary bones

A

Form most of the upper jaw. Singular- maxilla. Also known as maxillae

140
Q

Palatine bones

A

Form the anterior (front) part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

141
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Make up part of the orbit (socket of the eye) at the inner angle

142
Q

Inferior conchae

A

Thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose. Singular- concha

143
Q

Vomer bone

A

Forms the base for the nasal septum

144
Q

Nasal septum

A

Cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities

145
Q

Mandible

A

Also known as jawbone, only movable bone of the skull. Mandible is attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint

146
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Commonly known as TM

147
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Also known as rib cage, bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. Consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms

148
Q

Ribs

A

Also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. Cost means ribs, -al means pertaining to

149
Q

True ribs

A

First seven pairs of ribs, they attach anteriorly to the sternum

150
Q

False ribs

A

Next three pair of ribs, they attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum

151
Q

Floating ribs

A

Last two pairs of ribs, they are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but not attached anteriorly

152
Q

Sternum

A

Also known as breast bone, flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage

153
Q

Three parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body of the sternum or gladiolus
Xiphoid process

154
Q

Manubrium

A

Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

155
Q

Gladoilus

A

Also known as the body of the sternum, bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

156
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum. Xiphoid comes from Greek word for straight sword

157
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Shoulders form this which supports the arms and hands, also known as shoulder girdle

158
Q

Girdle

A

Refers to a structure that encircles the body

159
Q

Clavicle

A

Also known as collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

160
Q

Scapula

A

Also known as the shoulder blade. Plural- scapulae

161
Q

Acromion

A

Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

162
Q

Humerus

A

Bone of the upper arm.
Plural - humeri

163
Q

Radius

A

Smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. The radius run up the thumb side of the forearm. Plural - radii

164
Q

Ulna

A

Larger and longer bone of the forearm. Plural - ulnae. Proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint

165
Q

Olecranon process

A

Also known as funny bone. Large projection on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck

166
Q

Carpals

A

Bones that form the wrist. Singular - carpal.

167
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

Carpal form a narrow bony passage . The median nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through this tunnel to reach the hand

168
Q

Metacarpals

A

Five bones that form the palms of the hands

169
Q

Phalanges

A

14 bones of the fingers or toes. Singular - phalanx.

170
Q

3 bones of fingers (phalanges)

A

Distal (outermost)
Middle
Proximal (nearest the hand)

171
Q

Two Thumb bone

A

Distal and proximal phalanges

172
Q

Spinal column

A

Also known asvertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. Consists of 26 vertebrae

173
Q

Vetebra

A

Bony units of the vertebral column

174
Q

Body of the vertebra

A

Anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength

175
Q

Lamina

A

Posterior portion of a vertebra. Plural - laminae. The transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons

176
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Opening in the middle of the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord

177
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

Made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other. Also act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column

178
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

First set of 7 vertebrae, and they form the neck. Cervical means pertaining to the neck. Also known as C1 through C7

179
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Known as T1 through T12, second set of 12 vertebrae. Each vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine. Thoracic means pertaining to the thoracic cavity

180
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Known as L1 to L5, make up the third set of five vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae, and they bear most of the body’s weight.

181
Q

Lumbar

A

Relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis

182
Q

Last two vertebrae

A

Sacrum
Coccyx

183
Q

Sacrum

A

Slightly, curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, this was five bones that later fused together as one bone as child matures

184
Q

Coccyx

A

Also known as tailbone. Forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together. Coccyx came from Greek word for cuckoo because it was shaped like cuckoo’s beak

185
Q

Pelvis

A

Also known as bony pelvis. Protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. In addition to sacrum and coccyx, it includes the pelvic girdle

186
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium, pubis

187
Q

Ilium

A

Broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

188
Q

Sacroiliac

A

Slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium . Sacr/o means sacrum, ili means ilium, -ac means pertaining to

189
Q

Ischium

A

Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting

190
Q

Pubis

A

Forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder

191
Q

Symphysis

A

Place where two bones are closely joined

192
Q

Pubic bones

A

Formed together from ilium, ischium, pubis from birth. These form left and right pubic bones, which are hel securely together by pubic symphysis

193
Q

Acetabulum

A

Also known as hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvic that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

194
Q

Femurs

A

Largest bones of the body. Also known as thigh bones.

195
Q

Femoral

A

Pertaining to the femur

196
Q

Head of the femur

A

Articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket)

197
Q

Femoral neck

A

Narrow area just below the head of the femur

198
Q

Patella

A

Also known as kneecap, bony anterior portion of the knee

199
Q

Popliteal

A

Describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

200
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

Make possible the movements of the knee. Known as anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross

201
Q

2 Lower leg bone parts

A

Tibia
Fibula

202
Q

Tibia

A

Also known as shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

203
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

204
Q

Ankles

A

Joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible

205
Q

Tarsal

A

Part of ankle, 7 short Marsalis bones, similar to wrist but larger in size

206
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint. Plural - malleoli

207
Q

Talus

A

Ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

208
Q

Calcaneus

A

Also known as heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones

209
Q

Feet and toes are made up of the following bones

A

Metatarsals
Phalanges

210
Q

Metatarsals

A

Form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached

211
Q

Phalanges

A

Bones of the toes. Great toe have two phalanges, all the rest have three phalanges.

212
Q

Chiropractor

A

Holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of the disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.

213
Q

Manipulative treatment

A

Involve manually adjusting the positions of the bones

214
Q

Osteopath

A

Holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation. Oste/o means bone, -path means disease

215
Q

Osteopathy

A

Type of medical practice or any bone disease

216
Q

Rheumatologist

A

A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

217
Q

Ankylosis

A

Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure. Ankyl means crooked, bent, or stiff, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

218
Q

Mobility

A

Being capable of movement

219
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

A

Also known as frozen shoulder.
Painful ankylosis of the shoulders. Capsul means little box, -itis means inflammation. It is caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter

220
Q

Arthrosclerosis

A

Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly. Arthr/o means joint, -sclerosis means abnormal hardening

221
Q

Baker’s cyst

A

Also known as popliteal cyst, a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker

222
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursa. Burs means bursa, -itis means inflammation

223
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Abnormal softening of cartilage. Chond/o means cartilage, -malaria means abnormal softening

224
Q

Costochondritis

A

Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum. Cost/o means tibia, chondr means cartilage, -itis means inflammation

225
Q

Hallux valgus

A

Also known as bunion. Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe. Hallux is latin for big toe, valgus means bent

226
Q

Hermathrosis

A

Blood within the joint. Hem means blood, arthr means joint, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It can also occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia

227
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

PMR, inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs. Poly- means many, My means muscle, -algia means pain. Rheumatica is latin wird for rheumatism

228
Q

Rheumatism

A

Obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting tissue

229
Q

Sprain

A

Occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn

230
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint. Synov means synovial, -itis means inflammation. This condition is caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage

231
Q

Dislocation

A

Also known as luxation, total displacement of a bone from its joint

232
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial displacement of a bone from its joint

233
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammatory condition of one or more joints. Arthr means joint, -itis means inflammation. There are more than 100 types of arthritis

234
Q

Degenerative

A

Breaking down or impairment of a body part

235
Q

Osteophytes

A

Bone spurs

236
Q

Spondyloarthropathies

A

Type of chronic inflammatory back disorders

237
Q

Herniated disk

A

Also known as slipped or ruptured disk. Breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

238
Q

Short stature

A

Also known as dwarfism. Condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk. Over 200 different conditions can cause short stature.

239
Q

Talipes

A

Tal-ih-peez
Also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)

240
Q

Primary bone cancer

A

Relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

241
Q

Malignant

A

Becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

242
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

Tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis or rib. The peak incidence for the development of this condition is between 10 and 20 years

243
Q

Secondary bone cancer

A

Tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as breats or lungs

244
Q

Benign

A

Something that is not life-threatening and does not recur

245
Q

3 types of fractures for osteoporosis

A

Compression fracture
Colles’ fracture
Osteoporotic hip fracture

246
Q

Compression fracture

A

Also known as vertebral crush fracture. Occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This results in pain, loss of height and dowager’s hump

247
Q

Dowager’s hump

A

Development of the spinal curvature

248
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Named for Irish surgeon Abraham Colles. Also known as fractured wrist. This fracture occurs at the lowest end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands. The impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break

249
Q

Osteoporotic hip fracture

A

Also known as broken hip. Usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as a result of a fall. Osteporotic means pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones

250
Q

Fracture

A

Broken bone

251
Q

Types of bone fractures

A

Greenstick (incomplete)
Closed (simple, complete)
Open (compound)
Comminuted

252
Q

Closed fracture

A

also known as simple fracture or complete fracture, one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin

253
Q

Open fracture

A

Also known as compound fracture. One in which the bone is broken, and there is an open wound in the skin

254
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

One in which the bone is splintered or crushed

255
Q

Comminuted

A

Crushed into small pieces

256
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Incomplete fracture, one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. This happens primarily in children

257
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Occurs at an angle across the bone

258
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer

259
Q

Stress fracture

A

An overuse injury, is a small Crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

260
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Occurs straight across the bone

261
Q

Fat embolus

A

Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

262
Q

Embolus

A

Any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel

263
Q

Callus

A

As bone heals, this forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break. This tissue eventually becomes bone.
Also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing

264
Q

Radiograph

A

Also known as X-ray. Use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

265
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

Diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

266
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

Use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow. This procedure is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedure such as stem cell transplantations

267
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

MRI, used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints.

268
Q

Bone density testing

A

BDT, used to determine losses or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, page’s disease

269
Q

Ultrasonic bone density testing

A

Screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone.

270
Q

Dual x-ray absorptiometry

A

DXA, low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing

271
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

BMT, used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, which affect bone marrow. In this treatment, both cancer cells and the patient’s bone marrow are destroyed with high-intensity radiation and chemotherapy. Next, bone marrow stem cells are transfused into the recipient’s blood. These cells migrate to the spongy bone, where they multiply to form cancer-free red bone marrow

272
Q

Stem cells

A

Produced by the bone marrow eventually develop into blood cells

273
Q

Types of bone marrow transplants

A

Allogenic bone marrow transplant
Autologous bone marrow transplant

274
Q

Allogenic bone marrow transplant

A

Uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling

275
Q

Allogenic

A

Originating within another

276
Q

Autologous bone marrow transplant

A

The patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is destroyed

277
Q

Autologous

A

Originating within an individual.

278
Q

Arthroscopic surgery

A

Minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. Ex., torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions

279
Q

Chondroplasty

A

Surgical repair of damaged cartilage. Chondr/o means cartilage, -plasty means surgical repair

280
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a damaged joint. Arthr/o means joint, -plasty means surgical repair. Surgical placement of an artificial joint. These procedures are named for the involved joint and the amount of the joint that is replaced

281
Q

Implant

A

Joint replacement part is a prosthesis

282
Q

Total knee replacement

A

TKR, all of the parts of the knee were replaced. Also known as total knee arthroplasty

283
Q

Partial knee replacement

A

PKR, procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

284
Q

Total hip replacement

A

THR, also known as total hip arthroplasty, performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur. These smooth surfaces restore the function of the hip joint

285
Q

Hip resurfacing

A

Alternative to removing the head of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum

286
Q

Revision surgery

A

Replacement of a worn or failed implant

287
Q

Percutaneous diskectomy

A

Performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. A thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser

288
Q

Percutaneous

A

Performed through the skin

289
Q

Spinal fusion

A

Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae

290
Q

Fusion

A

Join together

291
Q

Craniectomy

A

Surgical removal of a portion of the skull. Crani means skull, -ectomy means surgical removal. This procedure is performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain

292
Q

Intracranial pressure

A

Amount of pressure inside the skull

293
Q

Craniotomy

A

Surgical incision or opening into the skull. Crani means skull, -otomy means surgical incision. This procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures

294
Q

Cranioplasty

A

Surgical repair of the skull. Crani/o means skull, -plasty means surgical repair

295
Q

Osteoclasis

A

Surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity. Oste/o means bone, -clasis means to break

296
Q

Ostectomy

A

Surgical removal of bone. Ost means bone, -ectomy means surgical removal

297
Q

Osteorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing, or wiring together of bones. Oste/o means bone, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing

298
Q

Osteotomy

A

Surgical cutting of a bone. Oste means bone, -otomy means surgical incision. This may include removing part or all of a bone, or cutting into or through a bone

299
Q

Periosteotomy

A

Incision through the periosteum to the bone. Peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, -otomy means surgical incision

300
Q

Closed reduction

A

Also known as manipulation. Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing

301
Q

Open reduction

A

Realign the bone parts when closed reduction is not practical

302
Q

Immobilization

A

Also known as stabilization. Act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

303
Q

Traction

A

Pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

304
Q

External fixation

A

A fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete, the appliance is removed

305
Q

Internal fixation

A

Also known as open reduction internal fixation, ORIF. a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixationis not usually removed after the fracture has healed

306
Q

CR

A

Closed reduction

307
Q

BDT

A

Bone density testing

308
Q

Fx

A

Fracture

309
Q

OA

A

Osteoarthritis

310
Q

OP

A

Osteoporosis

311
Q

PKR

A

Partial knee replacement

312
Q

PMR

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

313
Q

RA

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

314
Q

THA

A

Total hip arthroplasty

315
Q

TKA

A

Total knee arthroplasty

Lesson 2 (4 decks)

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