Chapter 4 Flashcards
Muscul/o, my/o, myas/o
Muscles. Make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, produce body heat
Fasci/o
Fascia, fibrous band. Cover, support, separate muscles.
Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
Tendons, stretch out, extend, strain. Attach muscles to bones
Bi-
Two, twice, double
-cele
Hernia, tumor, swelling
Dys-
Bad, difficult, painful
Fibr/o
Fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
Abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
Pertaining to
Kines/o, kinesi/o
Movement
-plegia
Paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
Rupture
Tax/o
Coordination, order
Ton/o
Stretching, tension
Tri-
Three
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. Ab- means away, duct means to lead, -ion means action
Adduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body. Ad- means toward, duct means to lead, -ion means action
Adhesion
A band of fibrous tissue that holds structure together abnormally. Can form inmusxles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery
Ataxia
The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement. A- means without, tax means coordination, -ia means condition. These movements, which are often shaky and unsteady, are most frequently caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum
Atonic
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength. A- means without, ton means tone, -ic means pertaining to
Atrophy
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time
Bradykinesia
Extreme slowness in movement. Brady- means slow, kines means movement, -ia means condition. One of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, which then create pressure on the median nerve. Carpal tunnel is a narrow, bony passage under the carpal ligament that is located just below the inner surface of the wrist. The median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers pass through this tunnel
Chronic fatigue syndrome
A delibitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity. CFS, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis
Circumduction
The circular movement at the far end of a limb
Contracture
The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments
Or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues. Most common causes of contracture are scarring or the lack of use due to immobilization or inactivity
Dorsiflexion
Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle. Pointing the toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg
Dyskinesia
Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or Jerky motions. Dys- means bad, kines means movement, -ia means condition
Dystonia
A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement. Dys- means bad, ton means tone, -ia means condition
Electromyography
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulations. EMG. Electr/o means electricity, my/o means muscle, -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record. Frequently used when people have symptoms of weakness and examination shows impaired muscle strength
Epicondylitis
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow. Epi- means on, condyl means condyle, -itis means inflammation
Ergonomics
The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. Usually applied to the design of equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strains, and stress
Exercise physiologist
A specialist who works under a physician’s supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
Fasciitis
Inflammation of a fascia. Fasci means fascia, -itis means inflammation
Fibromyalgia
A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms. Fibr/o means fibrous tissue, my means muscle, -algia means pain
Ganglion cyst
A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
Heel spur
A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel bone
Hemiparesis
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body. Hemi- means half, -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis
Hemiplegia
Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. Hemi- means half, -plegia means paralysis. Usually associated with a stroke or brain damage
Hernia
The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
Hyperkinesia
Abnormally increased motor function or activity, also known as hyperactivity. Hyper-means excessive, kines means movement, -ia means condition
Hypotonia
A condition of diminished tone of skeletal muscles. Hypo- means deficient, ton means tone, -ia means condition
Impingement syndrome
Inflammed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. Common symptoms is discomfort when raising your arm above your head
Insertion
The point where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. The insertion is the more movable attachment, and it is farthest point from the midline of the body
Intermittent claudication
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest. This condition, which is due to poor circulation, is associated with peripheral vascular disease
Muscular dystrophy
A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system. Two most common forms are duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often affected by this condition.
Myocele
The herniation (protusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it. My/o means muscle, -Cele means hernia
Myoclonus
The quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. My/o means muscles, clon means violent action, -us means singular noun ending. May occur normally as a person falling asleep or asthe jerks, shakes, or spasms resulting from a neurological disorder such as epilepsy, a metabolic condition or a response to medication
Myofascial release
A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
Myolysis
The degeneration of muscle tissue. My/o means muscle, -lysis means destruction or breaking down in disease
Myoparesis
Weakness or slight muscular paralysis. My/o means muscle, -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis
Myorrhaphy
Surgical suturing of a muscle. My/o means muscle, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing
Neuromuscular
Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle. Neur/o means nerve, muscul means muscle, -ar means pertaining to
Oblique
Slated or at an angle. Ex. External oblique and internal oblique muscles have slanted alignment
Origin
The point where the muscle begins, located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
Paralysis
The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
Physiatrist
A physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causing foot or heel pain when walking or running
Polymyositis
A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body. Poly- means many, myos means muscle, -itis means inflammation. The affected muscles are typically those closest to the trunk or torso, and the resulting weakness can be severe
Pronation
The act of rotating the arm or the leg so the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities. Quadr/I means for, -plegia means paralysis
Sarcopenia
The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging. Sarc/o means flesh, -penia means deficiency
Shin splint
A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone). Can develop in the anterolateral ( front and side) muscles or in the posteromedial (back and middle) muscles of the lower leg. Type of injury is usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg such as running on hard surfaces
Singultus
Also known as hiccups. Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
Sphincter
(Sfink-ter)
A ring-like muscle that tightly constructs the opening of a passageway. Ex. Anal sphincter closes the anus
Sprain
An injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
Tenodesis
The suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone. Ten/o means tendon, -desis means to bind or tie together
Tenolysis
The release of a tendon from adhesions. Ten/o means tendon, -lysis means to set free
Tenorrhaphy
The surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon. Ten/o means tendon, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing
Tenosynovitis
An inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. Ten/o means tendon, synov means synovial membrane, -itis means inflammation
Tenotomy
A surgical incision into a tendon. Ten/o means tendon, -otomy means surgical incision
Torticollis
Also known as wryneck. A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
Transverse
In a crosswise direction. Ex. Transverse abdominis muscle in the abdomen, has a crosswise alignment
Functions of the muscular system
- muscles hold the body erect and make movement possible
- muscle movement generates nearly 85% of the hear that keeps the body warm
- muscles move food through the digestive system
- muscle movements, such as walking, aid the flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart
- muscles action moves fluids through the ducts and tube associated with other body systems
Musculoskeletal system
The muscular and skeletal systems. They provide the body with form, support, stability, and the ability to move. Has more than 600 muscles, which make up about 40-45% of the body’s weight. Skeletal fibers are made up of fibers that are covered with fascia and are attached to bones by tendons
Muscle fibers
Long, slender cells that make up muscles. Each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue
Fascia
A band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles. (Plural fasciae or fascias). Fascia is flexible to allow muscle movements
Myofascial
Pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia. My/o means muscle, fasci means fascia, -al means pertaining to
Tendon
A narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
Ligaments
Bands of fibrous tissue that forms joints by connecting one bone to another bone
Patellar tendon
Attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella (kneecap)
Achilles tendon
Attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone
Aponeurosis
Sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone . (Plural aponeuroses)
Three types of muscular tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Myocardial
These muscle types are described according to their appearance and function
Skeletal muscles
Attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible.
Also known as voluntary muscles or striated muscles
Voluntary muscles
Skeletal muscles. We have conscious (voluntary) control over these muscles
Striated muscles
Skeletal muscles. Under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance
Striated
Striped
Smooth muscles
Located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands. Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures.
Also known as involuntary muscles, unstriated muscles, visceral muscles
Involuntary muscles
Smooth muscles, under control of the autonomic nervous system and are not under voluntary control
Unstriated muscles
Smooth muscles that do not have dark and light bands that produce the striped appearance
Visceral muscles
Smooth muscles which are found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems. These muscles are found in large internal organs, with the exception of the heart
Visceral
Relating to the internal organs.
Myocardial muscles
Also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle. Form the muscular walls of the heart. My/o means muscle, cardi means heart, -al means pertaining to. Like striated skeletal muscle in appearance but is similar to smooth muscle in that its action is involuntary. It is the constant contraction and relaxation of the myocardial muscle that causes the heartbeat
Muscle innervation
Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. Motor nerves control the body’s voluntary muscular contractions.
Antagonistic
Working in opposition to each other
Antagonistic muscle pairs
All muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. Muscles within each pair are made up of specialized cells that can change length or shape by contracting or relaxing. When one muscle contracts, the opposite muscle of the pair relaxes. Ex. Biceps and triceps
Contraction
Tightening of a muscle. As the muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker, causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge
Relaxation
Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form. As the muscle relaxes, it becomes longer and thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged
Extension
Increases the angle of the elbow and moves the hand away from the body. Increasing the angles between two bones or the straightening out of a limb. Ex- means away from, tens means to stretch out, -ion means action
Flexion
Decreases the angle of the elbow and moves the hand toward the body. Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint. Flex means to bend, -ion means action. Ex. Knee or elbow is bent
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
Circumduction
Circular movement at the far end of the limb. Ex. Swinging motion of the far end of the arm
Suppination
Turning the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned upward
Plantar flexion
Bends the foot downward at the ankle. Pointing the toes and foot downward increases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg
Adductor
Muscle that moves a body part toward the midline
Abductor
A muscle that moves a body part away from the midline
Flexor muscle
Bends the limb at a joint
Extensor muscle
Straightens a limb at a joint
Hyperextension
Extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
Elevation
Act of raising or lifting a body part. Ex a smile
Levator anguli oris
Muscles of the face where a smile occurs
Levator
Muscle that raises a body part
Depression
Act of lowering a body part. Ex frown
Depressor anguli oris
Muscles of face which causes frown
Depressor
Muscles lower a body part
Axis
An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation turns a bone on its own axis
Rotator muscle
Turns a body part on its axis. Ex head of a humerus rotates within the shoulder joint
Humerus
Bone of the upper arm
Rotator cuff
Group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Superficial muscles
Located near the surface, just under the skin
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Helps bend the neck and rotate the head. This muscle has two points of origin, stern/o and cleid/o. Mastoid muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process. This is part of the temporal bone that is located just behind the ear. Stern/o means breastbone, cleid/o means collarbone
Carpi
Wrist or wrist bones
Flexor carpi muscles and extensor carpi muscles
Pair of muscles that make flexion and extension of the wrist possible
Pectoralis major
Thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall, makes up the bulk of the chest muscle
Pectoral
Relating to the chest
Lateralis
Toward the side
Vastus lateralis
Large muscle toward the outer side of the leg. Vastus is latin for huge
Medialis
Toward the midline
Vastus medialis
A muscle toward the midline of the leg. These muscles are part of the quadriceps that flex and extend the leg at the knee
Rectus
In straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body. Ex. Rectus abdominis and rectus femorus have straight alignment
Biceps brachii
Also known as biceps. Formed from two divisions, bi- means two, -ceps mean head. Located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow
Triceps brachii
Also known as triceps. Formed from three divisions. Tri- means three, -ceps mean head. Located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow
Gluteus maximus
Largest muscle of the buttock.
Maximus
Great or large
Deltoid muscle
Located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle, which is a Greek word delta
Hamstrings
Reason they’re named as strange names is because these are the muscles by which a butcher hangs a slaughtered pig
Hamstring group
Located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles; biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembraneosus muscles. Primary function of the hamstrings are known flexion and hip extension
Frontalis
Also occipitofrontalis muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows
Temporalis
Muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
Masseter
Muscle which is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
External oblique muscle
Flex and rotate the vertebral column. Also flex the torso and compress the abdomen. Found in the abdomen
Internal oblique muscles
Flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe and rotate the spine. Found in the abdomen
Rectus abdominus
Helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
Transverse abdominus
Located on the side of the abdomen. This core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs
Deltoid
Forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
Trapezius
Muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
Rectus femoris
Extends the leg at the knee
Quadriceps femoris
Made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee
Gastrocnemius
Calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward. Name came from latin for “stomach of the leg” because of the way this muscle bulges out
Neurologist
Physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
Occupational therapist
OT, Helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
Rehabilitation
Restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
Physical therapist
PT, provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
Sports medicine physician
Specializes in treating sports related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
Debilitating
A condition causing weakness
Tendinitis
Sometimes spelled tendonitis. Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint. Tendin means tendon, -itis means inflammation. Also called tenonitis
Myalgia
Tenderness or pain in the muscles. My means muscle, -algia means pain
Degeneration
Deterioration or breaking down
Deterioration
Process of becoming worse
Myorrhexis
The rupture or tearing of a muscle. My/o means muscle, -rrhexis means rupture
Rhabdomyolysis
Serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury. Rhabdomy/o means striated muscle, -lysis means breakdown. The death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure
Muscle tone
State of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
Intermittent
Coming and going at intervals
Claudication
Limping
Spasm
Sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
Tic
Repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face
Cramp
Painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer’s cramp
Charley horse
Slang term for a cramp, usually in the leg, that came into use in the 1880s among baseball players
Myasthenia
Muscle weakness. My means muscle, -asthenia means weakness or lack of strength
Gravis
From latin word meaning grave or serious
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Most common form of muscular dystrophy in children. Affects primarily boys with onset between 3-5 years. Progresses rapidly, most boys are unable to walk by age 12 and later develop breathing difficulties and heart disease
Becker muscular dystrophy
Very similar to duchenne muscular dystrophy but less severe
Repetitive stress disorders
Also known as repetitive motion disorders. Variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities or recreation such as sports. The symptoms caused by these frequently repeated motions involve muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints
Compartment syndrome
Involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the “compartment”, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles. Can be caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts or repetitive activities such as running
Overuse injuries
Minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal. Caused by spending hours at the keyboard or by lengthy sports training sessions
Overuse tendinitis
Also known as overuse tendinosis. Inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint. Tendin- means tendon, -itis means inflammation
Stress fractures
Usually overuse injuries
Myofascial pain syndrome
Chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body, caused by a muscle being contracted repetitively, is characterized by the development of trigger points, producing local and referred muscle pain
Trigger points
Tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle
Referred pain
Describes pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another
Rotator cuff tendinitis
Inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff. Tennis shoulder or pitcher’s shoulder
Ruptured rotator cuff
Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues. This occurs as the irritated tendon weakens and tears
Carpal tunnel release
Surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
Condyle
Round prominence at the end of a bone
Tennis elbow
Also known as lateral epicondylitis. Characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm
Golfer’s elbow
Akso known as Medial epicondylitis. Characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm
Strain
An injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. Usually are associated with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment
Hamstring injury
Can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee. When the muscles contract too quickly, an injury can occur that is characterized by sudden and severe pain in the back of the thigh
Achilles tendinitis
Painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
Iliotibial band syndrome
ITBS. Overuse injury. Iliotibial band runs from the hipbone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia. Caused by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee
Spinal cord injury
SCI. Type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury. The higher on the spinal cord the injury occurs, the greater the area of the body that may be affected.
Injury occurs when vertebra is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the spinal cord. Also can be injured if the vertebrae are pushed or pulled out of alignment
Incomplete injury
The person has some function below the level of the injury, even though that function is not normal
Complete injury
There is a complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury
Paraplegic
Individual affected with paraplegia
Quadriplegic
Individual affected with quadriplegia
Deep tendon refexes
DTRs. Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon. No response or an abnormal response can indicate a disruption of the nerve supply to the involved muscles
Reflex
Involuntary response to a stimulus.
Lost in deep coma or because of medication such as heavy sedation
Range-of-motion testing
ROM. Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength. ROM exercises are used to increase strength, flexibility, and mobility
Electromyogram
Resulting record from electromyography
Muscle biopsy
Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination
Antispasmodic
Also known as anticholinergic. Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
Atropine
Antispasmodic that can be administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscle during surgery
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, SprainS, or other muscle injuries. These medications act on the nervous system
Neuromuscular blocker
Also known as neuromuscular blocking agent. Drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to cause skeletal muscles to relax
Adjunct
In addition to
Occupational therapy
OT, consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living
Activities of daily living
ADL, grooming, eating, dressing
Physical therapy
PT. Treatment to prevent disability or restore through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
Therapeutic ultrasound
Uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue. This heat eases pain, reduce muscle spasms, and accelerates healing by increasing the flow of blood into the target tissues
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TENS. Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
RICE
Most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries.
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Fasciotomy
Surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure. Fasci means fascia, -otomy means surgical incision. Commonly used to treat compartment syndrome, the pressure causes a loss of circulation that damages the affected tissues
Fascioplasty
Surgical repair of a fascia. Fasci/o means fascia, -plasty means surgical repair
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy
PNT. Used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon. Can be used in conjunction with platelet-rich plasma therapy
Platelet-rich plasma therapy
Some of the patient’s blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing
Myotomy
Surgical incision into a muscle. My/o means muscle, -otomy means surgical incision
ADL
Activities of daily living
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
CFS
Chronic fatigue syndrome
EMG
Electromyography
Hemi
Hemiplegia
IC
Intermittent claudication
MD
Muscular dystrophy
MG
Myasthenia Gravis
OT
Occupational therapy
Occupational therapist
PM
Polymyositis
Quad
Quadriplegia
Quadriplegic
RSD
Repetitive stress disorder
ROM
Range-of-motion testing
ACL
Anterior cruciate ligaments (of the knee)
AKA
Above-the-knee amputation
BKA
Below-the-knn amputation
C1-C7
Cervical vertebrae
C-spine
Cervical spine
DXA
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
L1-L5
Lumbar vertebrae
LBP
Lower back pain
Mets
Metastasis
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drug
OA
Osteoarthritis
OP
Osteoporosis
ORIF
Open reduction internal fixation
Ortho
Orthopedics
SI joint
Sacroiliac joint
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
T1-T12
Thoracic vertebrae
TKR
Total knee replacement
