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HYDROLOGY > LESSON 4 > Flashcards

LESSON 4 Flashcards

1
Q

passage of water into the soil surface

A

Infiltration

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2
Q

movement of water through the soil profile

A

Percolation

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3
Q

infiltration per unit time; expressed in volume per unit time per unit area or depth per unit time

A

Infiltration rate

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4
Q

velocity of flow caused by a unit gradient; flow through soils in any direction

A

Hydraulic conductivity

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5
Q

used interchangeably with hydraulic conductivity

A

Permeability

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6
Q

The summation of the depth of water absorbed by a soil in a specified elapsed time in reference to the time of initial water application.

A

Cumulative infiltration

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7
Q

Soil Horizons/Layers

A
  • Humus (O horion)
  • Topsoil (A horizon)
  • Subsoil (B horizon)
  • Weathered rock fragments (C horizon)
  • Bedrock (D horizon)
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8
Q

Rich in decomposed matter

A

Humus (O horizon)

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9
Q

Often rich in humus and minerals; Germinate seeds and roots growth

A

Topsoil (A horizon)

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10
Q

Poor in humus, rich in minerals (Clays and mineral deposits)

A

Subsoil (B horizon)

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11
Q

Little or no plant/animal life

A

Weathered rock fragments (C horizon)

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12
Q

Composed of unweathered rocks

A

Bedrock (D horizon)

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13
Q

Importance of Infiltration

A
  • Water conservation
  • Reduced soil erosion by runoff
  • Irrigation
  • Critical and maximum depth determination in water reservoir design
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14
Q

Factors affecting Infiltration

A
  1. Soil
  2. Vegetation
  3. Antecedent moisture condition
  4. Use of Soil Additives
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15
Q

Soil texture, soil structure; the larger the pore size and the greater the continuity of the pores, the greater is the infiltration rate

A

Soil

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16
Q

formation of a thin compact layer on the surface as a result of severe breakdown of soil structure caused by the beating action of raindrops and flow of water over the surface

A

surface sealing or puddling of soil

17
Q

Types of Soil based on structure

A

Granular
Blocky
Prismatic
Columnar
Platy
Single Grained

18
Q

Resembles cookie crumbs and usually less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizon where roots have been growing

A

Granular

19
Q

Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 5.0 cm in diameter

A

Blocky

20
Q

Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long. Usually found in lower horizons

A

Prismatic

21
Q

Vertical columns of soil that have a “soil cap” at the top. Found in soils of arid climates

A

Columnar

22
Q

Thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally. Usually found in compacted soil

A

Platy

23
Q

Soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together. Always accompanies a loose consistence. Commonly found in sandy soils

A

Single grained

24
Q

Infiltration rates of different soil structures

A

Rapid - Single-grain, Granular

Moderate - Blocky, Prismatic

Slow - Platy, Massive

25
Q

Reduces surface sealing; has greater effect on infiltration than soil type and texture

A

Vegetation

26
Q

causes reduction in pore space and rate of water movement

A

Antecedent moisture condition

27
Q

chemicals that improve the soil structure hence increase infiltration; other chemicals cause soil particles to swell and to become hydrophilic hence reduce infiltration

A

. Use of soil additives

28
Q

Methods of measurement of infiltration rate

A

Double Ring Infiltrometer Method

Ponding

Furrows

Rainfall/sprinkler

29
Q

involves direct measurement of water applied and water flowing from the field

A

Direct Measurement

30
Q
  • Provides for a buffer pond to minimize the effect of radial flow
  • Cylinders are carefully driven into the soil to a depth of about 15 cm; water is added to the cylinder and allowed to pond carefully so as not to puddle the soil; water levels in both cylinders are maintained equal; recession rate of water level in inner cylinder is recorded.
A

Double Ring Infiltrometer Method

31
Q

The infiltration capacity at the onset of infiltration is _____________. As the soil pores fill with water as surface sealing takes place, the rate of water intake gradually ________________. It then normally approaches a constant value which may be taken as the infiltration rate of the soil.

A

High ; decreases

32
Q

RATIONAL METHODS OF PREDICTING INFILTRATION

A
  • Lewis-Kostiakov Equation
  • Philip’s Equation
  • Green – Ampt Equation
  • Horton’s Equation

HYDROLOGY (7 decks)

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