Lesson 4 Flashcards
Study of the relationship between organisms, their relationship with each other and with their environment
Ecology
Ecology - logus/oikios means
Home
relationships between people and their environment
Ecology
an array of organisms and their physical
environment, all interacting through a flow of energy and a cycling of materials
Ecosystem
2 types of ecosystem
- Biological community
- Physical environment
Knowledge
Population
Technology
Social organization
Values
Social system
is a straight-line sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem.
Food chain
a network of crossing, interlinked food
chains, encompassing primary producers and an array of consumers and decomposers.
Food web
Tropical levels
First- primary producers
Second - primary consumers
Third - secondary consumers
Fourth - tertiary consumers
Use of the same limiting
resource, with resulting
fitness loss
- Interaction between Interaction between
two species
Competition
Use of the same limiting
resource, with resulting
fitness loss
- Interaction between members of a species
Competition
Consumption of all or part
of another individual
- between two species
Predation
Consumption of all or part
of another individual
Between members
Cannibalism
Individuals live in close
association
Mutualism
Individuals live in close
association, to cost of host
Parasitism
Both benefit
Mutualism
One benefits one unharmed
Commensalism
One benefited one harmed
Parasitism
None benefited none harmed
Neutralism
One is harmed one is unharmed
Ammensalism
Both harmed
Competition
study of human population which includes changes
in population size, composition and its distribution.
Demography
Three major components of demography:
- (1) Mortality
- (2) Fertility
- (3) Migration
Characteristics of Populations
> is the number of
individuals that make
up the gene pool.
Population size
Characteristics of Populations
> number of
individuals per unit
area or per unit
volume.
Population density
Current World Population
7,771,534,177
Characteristics of Populations
How people are
spread across the
earth
Population distribution
Reasons for
distribution
of population
Physical
Socioeconomical
Cultural
Historical
Characteristics of Populations
characterizes the
population according
to the number of
individuals in each of
several age
categories
Age structure
Characteristics of Populations
>Way of life of an
individual or of the
community
Lifestyle
Lifestyle is influenced by
age;income; geography
Predictor of health
conditions
Lifestyle
represents a doubling of
the population in a
specified time.
_Exponential Growth
Exponential growth curve is called
J shaped growth curve
maximum
rate of increase an
individual can produce
Population
Biotic potential
highest
population that can be
maintained indefinitely
Carrying capacity
Biotic potential is
›Limited by:
Environmental resistance
Density-Dependent
Control
(Resource limiting)
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
and disease
Density-Independent
Control
(Condition-limiting)
Natural
disaster
Unusual
weather
> medical science
that focuses on the
occurrence,
distribution and
determinants of
disease frequency
in a populations
How many & why
Epidemiology
merely refers to the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied (Friis, 2010).
Counts
refers to the occurrence of a new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation
Incidence
refers to the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time (
Prevalence
type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as demographic makeup of the population that may affect the observed rate. These are summary rates based on the actual number of events in a population over a given time period.
Crude rate
refers to the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease.
Case Fatality Rate
refers to mortality (or the frequency of a given disease) divided by the population size at that midpoint of a time period times a multiplier.
Cause specific rate
refers to the number of years that a person is expected to live, at any particular year.
Life Expectancy
encompasses maternal deaths that result from causes associated with pregnancy.
Maternal mortality
number of infant deaths among infants aged 0 to 365 days during a year divided by the number of live births during the same year (expressed as the rate per 1,000 births)
Infant mortality rate
defined as the death of the fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered
Fetal mortality
refers to the number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population at the midpoint of the year.
Crude birth rate -
