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Soils OHT-108s > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How is soil formed

A
  1. Weathering
  2. Erosion
  3. Deposition
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2
Q

Soil creating is a slow, continuous process. What are the three ways soil breaks down?

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

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3
Q

What does weathering do to effect soil

A
  1. Reducing the size
  2. Changing the mineral particles for absorption
  3. Adding organic material
  4. Creating horizons
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4
Q

What is the chemical weathering process

A

Reactions

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5
Q

Explain weathering Biological process

A

Micro-organism
Insects
Animals

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6
Q

Physical weathering

A

Physical forces

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7
Q

What in a parent material determines the rate of breakdown during weathering

A

Minerals in parent material
Hardness of parent material
Porosity of parent material

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8
Q

What determines soil mineral composition

A

The mineral composition of the parent material

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9
Q

Name some minerals/elements 7

A

Ca, Mg, Fe, Na (sodium) K (potassium), N (nitrogen), S,

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10
Q

What determines rate of soil within climate

A

Precipitation
Temperature
Elevation
Latitude

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11
Q

What determines climate and levels of what?

A

Precipitation and temperature
Elevation and latitude

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12
Q

How does a finer grained soil effect weathering?

A
  1. Higher surface area
  2. Faster weather
  3. Retains water longer
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13
Q

What is residual parent material

A

Rocks that weather without being moved
Water is main ingredient
Water must penetrate material

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14
Q

What is the important of water

A

Distribution rates,
Soil formation rate
Kinds of soil

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15
Q

Precipitation and temperature determine

A

The kind and amount of vegetation which in turns relates to the rare of soil formation

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16
Q

Rainfall intensity impacts

A

The amount of run-off which effects erosion and soil destruction

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17
Q

Increase in precipitation leads to

A

Increasing rates of soil formation

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18
Q

Seasonal rainfall distribution during warm weather is

A

Better for weathering

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19
Q

With organic matter Weathering In cool-humid climates

A

Organic matter Is more prevalent

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20
Q

In arid/semi arid climates how is weathering effected

A

Organic matter accumulates more slowly
Soluble salts accumulate rapidly
Weather takes a lot longer

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21
Q

Three types of parent material rock

A
  1. Igneous
  2. Sedimentary
  3. Metamorphic
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22
Q

What is rocks crystallize from molten lava

A

Igneous rock

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23
Q

2 types of igneous rocks

A

Granite and Basalt

24
Q

Describe Igneous rock that is slow cooled

A

Light colored
Course grained

25
Q

Described igneous rock that was cooled rapidly

A

Dark color
Fine grained

26
Q

What is Sedimentary Rocks

A

Rocks formed by sedimentation from water or pressure and compaction

27
Q

What are examples of Sedimentary Rock

A

Sandstone
Shale
Limestone

28
Q

What is Metamorphic rock

A

Formed by alteration of igneous or sedimentary rocks under conditions of high temperature and pressure

29
Q

Example of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Marble

30
Q

How is soil moved

A

Water liquid or ice
Wind
Gravity

31
Q

What is Glacial till

A

Unstratified material
Material rock deposited is a mixture of sizes

32
Q

What is glacier deposits

A

Materials carried by ice

33
Q

What sizes in unstratified are
glazer deposits

A

Clay to boulder size

34
Q

Ice and water outwash is

A

Formed by Water during Glacial melt
Stratified material

35
Q

glacial outwash is stratified or unstratified

A

Stratified material

36
Q

What is an alluvium

A

a deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil.

37
Q

What are 5 water deposits

A

Alluvium
Old alluvium
Lacustrine
Coastal
Beach deposits

38
Q

Alluvium Deposits are

A

Recent

39
Q

What is old alluvium deposits

A

comprises a sequence of very weak to weak quartzo-feldspathic sandstones with conglometric and mudstone horizons in which the upper parts have been weathered to form a silty clay and geavelly sand. Not good for agriculture

40
Q

Lacustrine deposits

A

relating to, formed in, living in, or growing in lakes

41
Q

What are Coastal plain deposits

A

sediments are the deposits of shoreline environments

42
Q

What are types of wind deposits LA

A

Loess
Aeolian

43
Q

What size is Loess wind deposit

A

Silt size

44
Q

What is the size of Loess wind deposit

A

Mostly silt particles with sand and clay

45
Q

What is an example of Loess and Aeolian wind deposits

A

Sand dunes
Volcanic ash

46
Q

What are the water deposits

A

Alluvium
Old alluvium
Lacustrine
Costal plain

47
Q

What are three types of weathering

A

Organic
Biological
Physical

48
Q

How is mineral composition determined in soil

A

The rate of brake down
The climate
The structure of the mineral

49
Q

What are water deposits

A

Alluvium, old alluvium, lacustrine, costal plain, beach deposits

50
Q

What role do plants and organisms play in soil formation

A

The kind of soil and the rate of formation

51
Q

Minerals that weather at different rates result in what kind if soil?

A

Different soils

52
Q

For water interaction, what determines the rate of breakdown

A

Temperature and precipitation amount

53
Q

Increase precipitation leads to

A

Increasing rates of soil formation and deep soil

54
Q

For weathering which is better for rain or snow melt

A

Rain

55
Q

What are beach deposits

A

Concentrations of mineral formed by the grinding action of natural forces (wind, wave, or frost) and the selective transporting action of tides and winds.

56
Q

What is Colluvium deposits

A

Deposits left by gravity on hillsides

Soils OHT-108s (4 decks)

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