Lesson 4

Question 1

Confounding factors?

Answer 1

Interested in some key variable, so how will it affect other key variables.

Question 2

Simpson’ s diversity index?

Answer 2

Probability that two individuals picked at random are different species.

Question 3

Sorenson’s similarity coefficient?

Answer 3

A measure of community similarity between two sites.

Question 4

Percentage similarity?

Answer 4

Measure of community similarity between two sites.

Question 5

Biological Species Concept (BSC)?

Answer 5

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Question 6

Allopatric speciation?

Answer 6

When two halves of the population become isolated from each other.

Question 7

The three most popular species concepts? (3•)

Answer 7

•Biological Species Concept (BSC): Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr 1942).

•Phylogenetic Species Concept (PS): A species is a cluster of organisms that is diagnosably distinct from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent (Cracraft 1989).

•Ecological Species Concept: A species is a lineage that occupies an adaptive zone minimally different from that of any other lineage in its range and which evolves separately from all lineages outside its range (Van Valen 1976).

Question 8

Sympatric speciation?

Answer 8

When one population could evolve into two species.

Question 9

Peripatric speciation?

Answer 9

When one group in a population becomes isolated.

Question 10

What does narrow hybrid zones imply?

Answer 10

Selection against hybrids.

Question 11

Tension zone?

Question 12

Extra pair copulation?

Answer 12

When males undergo copulation with several other females.

Question 13

Why do extra pair copulation occur?

Answer 13

•Social benefits
Mating with many males may make their offspring have more care.
•increased genetic quality of offspring
•increased genetic variation of offspring

Question 14

Rate of Extra pair paternity?

Answer 14

The offspring’s rate of having different fathers.

Question 15

Polygynandry?

Answer 15

Polygyny and polyandry both occurs.

Question 16

Cooperative breeding?

Answer 16

When groups of individuals work together to raise young.

Question 17

Why do cooperate breeding occur? (4•)

Answer 17

•ecology can impose constraints that cause an advantage for group living
•Helpers can
•Gain experience
•inherit territory
•Occasionally sire offspring

Question 18

Opportunistic?

Answer 18

Females lay in their own nests but also sometimes in those of other females.

Question 19

Obligate?

Answer 19

Females don’t have their own nests and lay eggs on other species nests (cowbirds).