Lesson 3 - The Process of Photosynthesis

Question 1

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Answer 1

ano rawwww..

Question 2

From the Greek words
____ - produced by light
____ - a whole made of parts put together

Introduction to Photosynthesis

Answer 2

PHOTO, SYNTHESIS

Question 3

is the process whereby plants, algae, some bacteria, use the energy of the sun to synthesize organic compounds (sugars) from inorganic compounds (CO2 and water).

• the most important biological process on earth!
• Low Efficiency, 1-4 % in C-3 Plants

Answer 3

Photosynthesis

Question 4

Why is Photosynthesis Important?
Five reasons

Answer 4

PHOTOSYNTHESIS is one of the most
important biological process on earth!

• Provides the oxygen we breathe
• Consumes much of the CO2
• Food
• Energy
• Fibers and materials

Question 5

General Formula for Photosynthesis

Answer 5

6 CO2 + 12 H2O —–⚡—-> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Question 6

Formula for Respiration

Answer 6

C6H12O6 + O2 🡪 6 CO2 + ATP

Question 7

The primary pigment for photosynthesis is
____, It absorbs ____ and ____ light, not ____
( ____ light is reflected back!)

Light is absorbed by pigments

Answer 7

• Chlorophyll a
• Blue and Red
• Not Green
• Green Light

Question 8

Accessory pigments like ____ and ____ (beta-carotene, lycopene):

• absorb light at ____ wavelengths,
  (extending the absorption range)
• help transfer some energy to ____
• protect ____ from harmful byproducts

Answer 8

• Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids
• Different Wavelengths
• Chlorophyll a
• Cell

Question 9

is the primary photosynthetic pigment that drives photosynthesis.

Answer 9

Chlorophyll a

Question 10

____ absorb at different wavelengths, extending the range of light useful for photosynthesis.

Answer 10

Accessory Pigments (e.g. Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, anthocyanin, etc.)

Question 11

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 11

The Plant Cell’s Chloroplast

Question 12

Chloroplast Structure

Six Parts | Remember: Structure correlates to function!

Answer 12

• Football shaped
• Double membrane
• Stroma
• Thylakoid membrane
• Grana (stacks)
• Lumen (inside thylakoid)

Question 13

The Light and “Dark” (Calvin Cycle) or Carbon reactions happen at different sites in the chloroplast

Where naghahappen yung Light Reactions?

Where naghahappen yung Dark Reactions?

Answer 13

Light Reactions - Thylakoid
Dark Reactions - Stroma

Question 14

Process of Light Reaction (Thylakoid)

Input:
Light (Sun), Water (H2O)

• ____ dependent
• Occurs in the ____ ____ of chloroplasts
• Water is split into ____ ____ (O2) and ____ ____ (H⁺)
• Use light energy (photons) to generate two
  chemical energy compounds: ____ &
  ____

Answer 14

• Light Dependent
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts
• Oxygen Gas and Hydrogen Ions (Protons)
• ATP & NADPH

Question 15

Chemical energy compounds made in the light reactions

____ + ___ + Energy 🡨🡪 ATP

NADP⁺ + ___ + H⁺ 🡨🡪 NADPH

Answer 15

• ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + Pi (Inorganic Phosphate) + Energy 🡨🡪 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• NADP⁺ + 2e- + H⁺ 🡨🡪 NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

Question 16

Chemical energy compounds are made from light energy, water is split into O2 and protons

Answer 16

Light Reactions

Question 17

Process of “Dark” or Carbon Reactions (Stroma)

Input:
Light (Sun), Water (H2O)

• Light ____ (can occur in light or dark;
  some enzymes require activation by light)
• Occurs in the ____ of chloroplasts
• Use the chemical energy produced in Light
  Reactions (ATP; NADPH) to reduce ____ to
  ____ (sugar).
• CO2 is converted to sugar by entering the ____ ____

Answer 17

• Light Independent
• Occurs in the Stroma of chloroplasts
• To reduce CO2 to Carbohydrate (sugar)
• the Calvin Cycle

Question 18

What Cycle is this?

• Named from Melvin Calvin
• __ phases, __ steps
• CO2 goes __ cycles to produce 1 glucose

Answer 18

Calvin Cycle

• 3 phases, 13 steps
• 6 cycles to produce 1 glucose

Question 19

The Calvin Cycle

• ____ enters the Calvin Cycle
• First product is a 3-carbon molecule: 3-PGA
  (____ ____). That’s why it’s also
  called C-3 cycle.
• Enzyme RuBisCO (____ ____ ____ / ____) is the main enzyme that catalyzes the first reactions of the Calvin Cycle.

Answer 19

• CO2 enters the Calvin Cycle
• 3-PGA (Phosphoglyceric Acid)
• RUBISCO (Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase)

Question 20

Is the most abundant protein on
earth!

Answer 20

RuBisCO

Question 21

Most plants use the Calvin Cycle to Convert CO2 into sugars.

These plants are called ____ _____

Answer 21

C-3 Plants

Question 22

This reaction uses CO2 and chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to produce sugars by means of the Calvin Cycle

Answer 22

Carbon Reactions

Question 23

Photosynthesis Summary

• produced ____ & ____ (energy)
• consumed ____ and produced ___ and H+ as byproduct

Answer 23

• ATP & NADPH
• consumed H2O and produced O2

Question 24

Calvin Cycle Summary

• consumed CO2 and produced ___ (sugar)
• Regenerated ___ and ____ (recycled siya)

Answer 24

• produced G3P (sugar)
• Regenerated ADP and NADP

Question 25

**Calvin Cycle Summary** - builds ____ - uses ___ & ____ (energy) - recycles ___ & ____ back to make more **(energy)**

Answer 25

- builds **sugars** - uses **ATP** & **NADPH** - recycles **ADP** & **NADP** back to make more ATP & NADPH

Question 26

Process of making energy of food available in the cell… Involves breaking down complicated molecules 🡪 into simple molecules The energy held by complicated molecules is held temporarily as ATP (energy currency) **Respiration occurs mainly in Mitochondria and Cytoplasm** | Ex. Glucose into Carbon Dioxide (C6H12O6 🡪 CO2)

Answer 26

Respiration

Question 27

Three Main Stages of Respiration - ____ - ____ ____ - ____ ____ ____

Answer 27

- Glycolysis - Krebs Cycle - Electron Transport System

Question 28

Splitting of glucose – 2 net ATP generated | 3 Stages of cellular respiration

Answer 28

Glycolysis

Question 29

Energy of glucose molecule is harvested | 3 Stages of cellular respiration

Answer 29

Krebs Cycle

Question 30

also happens in the mitochondria, more ATP are generated (32). | 3 Stages of cellular respiration

Answer 30

Electron Transport System

Question 31

For each glucose molecule, total ATP = __ Only __% efficient, rest is lost as heat.

Answer 31

1 glucose = **36** total ATP Only **39%** efficient

Question 32

____ - ability to do work Newton's First Law of Thermodynamics “____ cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another” Once a cell has used ____ to do work, it cannot be used again by any organism.

Answer 32

Energy

Question 33

Sun 🡪 Earth 🡪Producers 🡪1st deg consumers 🡪 2nd deg consumers Energy flows into ecosystem from the sun Energy travels in a straight line by way of food chains.

Answer 33

Energy Flow is LInear

Question 34

However, much energy is lost as ____ along the way – as a result of respiration. Approximately __% energy is lost on each step! Newton’s Second Law of Thermodynamics: “In any transfer of energy there is always a loss of useful energy to the system, usually in the form of ____”

Answer 34

- **heat** - **90%** energy is lost - **heat**