Lesson 2 - Biomolecules Flashcards
Four groups of molecules make up the building blocks of life. In general, they are called
Macromolecules (aka Organic Molecules aka Biomolecules)
Macromolecules are formed by __________, in which large _______ are built by joining small subunits called _________ together.
Polymerization, Polymers, Monomers
monomers = subunits = building
blocks of molecules
polymers = monomers joined up
by polymerization
The Biological Building Blocks of Life’s 4 Major groups / The Biological Building Blocks of Life consists of
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Protein &
- Nucleic Acid
Most common organic molecule
Carbohydrates
Function of Carbohydrates
Primary energy source our body needs, organisms’ main source of immediate energy
Elements present in Carbohydrates
C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) or CH20
Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
Polymer of Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
Examples of Carbohydrates
Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
Sugars that make up Carbs
Single Sugar: monosaccharide
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
Examples of Single Sugar
Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
Examples of Disaccharides
Ex: maltose, sucrose
Examples of Polysaccharides
Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
- Used for energy storage in plants
- Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
- They provide a quick form of energy for the body
Types of polysaccharides
Starch
- Used for energy storage in animals
Types of polysaccharides
Glycogen
Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall) - GIVES US FIBER!!!
Types of polysaccharides
Cellulose
- Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders)
- Found in cell wall of some fungi
Types of polysaccharides
Chitin
Structure of Carbohydrates
- Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
- Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
____ are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water!
Lipids
Lipids can be
____ - The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds. (Solid at room temperature)
____ - There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present. (Liquid at room temperature)
Saturated - Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
Unsaturated - Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
- made up of C, H, and O
- made up of glycerol and fatty acids
- long chains
…………………………………………………………… - Remember: Elements present are C, H, O
- Contains Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen CALLED HYDROCARBONS!
Lipid Structure
- make up fats, oils, and waxes
- store energy, makes up the cell membrane,
and used in waterproof coverings
Ex. Walrus Blubber - lipids to store energy
Waxy cuticle of leaf - lipids to repel water
Lipid Functions
Way in Detecting Lipids
Brown Paper Bag Test
large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues (this Biomolecule contains 20 amino acids)
Proteins
Elements of Protein
C-H-O-N (NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!)
Monomer (Building Blocks of Protein):
amino acids (20 different ones!)
Polymer of Protein
Proteins (ton) itself
Examples of Protein
- hemoglobin in red blood cells
- albumin in eggs
- enzymes that control reactions in the body
- antibodies
Proteins are found in
- Fish
- Eggs
- Meat
- etc.
- made up of C, H, O, N
- amino acid subunits form long polypeptide chains
- over 20 different amino acids
- Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
- “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
Protein Structure
Function of Proteins
- Transport molecules in and out of the cell
- Control the speed of chemical reactions
- Used for growth and repair
Proteins make up the structure of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!
Protein Functions
most diverse macromolecules
various roles:
- speed up reactions (enzymes)
- form muscles
- transport substances
- fight disease
is a protein that carries oxygen in
red blood cells
Hemoglobin
is a protein that regulates blood sugar
Insulin
- When groups of amino acids are joined
together a protein is formed - There are 20 kinds of amino acids
- They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and
an amino group NH2 - Peptide bonds form between amino acids
- (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
Importance of Amino Acids
Stores and transmit hereditary information
Nucleic Acids
Functions of Nucleic Acids
- Provide our genetic information
- Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements of Nucleic Acids
C-H-O-N-P
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
A nucleotide is made up of:
- Sugar
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine or Uracil
Polymer of Nucleic Acid
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - Genetic code
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) - Recipe for proteins
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - Energy carrier
Nucleic Acid Structure
- made up of C, H, O, N, and P
- subunits: nucleotides
- nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Two Examples of Nucleic Acid
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
are biological catalysts that speed up chemical
reactions (to change one set of chemicals to another) by lowering their activation energy.
Enzymes
Three Important Characteristics of Enzymes
They have three important characteristics:
- They are specific to a substrate
- They work at an optimal pH and temperature
- They are reusable
the ____ is
where the substrate
molecule fits or
binds
in Enzymes | Gap between the Enzyme and Substrate
Active Site
the ____ is the
molecule that the
enzyme acts on
in Enzymes | above the Enzyme
Substrate
The ____
and ____ fit
together like a lock
and key!
Enzyme, Substrate
sana all ganyan kapurrfecc
the enzyme works its magic on the substrate…
…and releases the new chemical products
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Without an enzyme present, the reaction is ____ and requires a lot of energy.
In Activation Energy
gusto kitang isayaw nang MABAGAL
ang SLOW mo
The enzyme lowers the ____ required in the reaction and speeds it up.
INAGY INAGY GAP BEAT INAGY GAP
oo na, energy
