Lesson 2 - Biomolecules

Question 1

Four groups of molecules make up the building blocks of life. In general, they are called

Answer 1

Macromolecules (aka Organic Molecules aka Biomolecules)

Question 2

Macromolecules are formed by __________, in which large _______ are built by joining small subunits called _________ together.

Answer 2

Polymerization, Polymers, Monomers

monomers = subunits = building
blocks of molecules

polymers = monomers joined up
by polymerization

Question 3

The Biological Building Blocks of Life’s 4 Major groups / The Biological Building Blocks of Life consists of

Answer 3

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Protein &
• Nucleic Acid

Question 4

Most common organic molecule

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

Function of Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Primary energy source our body needs, organisms’ main source of immediate energy

Question 6

Elements present in Carbohydrates

Answer 6

C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) or CH20

Question 7

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)

Question 8

Polymer of Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)

Question 9

Examples of Carbohydrates

Answer 9

Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)

Question 10

Sugars that make up Carbs

Answer 10

Single Sugar: monosaccharide
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide

Question 11

Examples of Single Sugar

Answer 11

Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)

Question 12

Examples of Disaccharides

Answer 12

Ex: maltose, sucrose

Question 13

Examples of Polysaccharides

Answer 13

Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin

Question 14

• Used for energy storage in plants
• Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
• They provide a quick form of energy for the body

Types of polysaccharides

Answer 14

Starch

Question 15

• Used for energy storage in animals

Types of polysaccharides

Answer 15

Glycogen

Question 16

Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall) - GIVES US FIBER!!!

Types of polysaccharides

Answer 16

Cellulose

Question 17

• Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders)
• Found in cell wall of some fungi

Types of polysaccharides

Answer 17

Chitin

Question 18

Structure of Carbohydrates

Answer 18

• Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
• Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)

Question 19

____ are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water!

Answer 19

Lipids

Question 20

Lipids can be
____ - The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds. (Solid at room temperature)
____ - There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present. (Liquid at room temperature)

Answer 20

Saturated - Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
Unsaturated - Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)

Question 21

• made up of C, H, and O
• made up of glycerol and fatty acids
• long chains
  ……………………………………………………………
• Remember: Elements present are C, H, O
• Contains Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen CALLED HYDROCARBONS!

Answer 21

Lipid Structure

Question 22

• make up fats, oils, and waxes
• store energy, makes up the cell membrane,
  and used in waterproof coverings

Ex. Walrus Blubber - lipids to store energy
Waxy cuticle of leaf - lipids to repel water

Answer 22

Lipid Functions

Question 23

Way in Detecting Lipids

Answer 23

Brown Paper Bag Test

Question 24

large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues (this Biomolecule contains 20 amino acids)

Answer 24

Proteins

Question 25

Elements of Protein

Answer 25

C-H-O-N (NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!)

Question 26

Monomer (Building Blocks of Protein):

Answer 26

amino acids (20 different ones!)

Question 27

Polymer of Protein

Answer 27

Proteins (ton) itself

Question 28

Examples of Protein

Answer 28

- hemoglobin in red blood cells - albumin in eggs - enzymes that control reactions in the body - antibodies

Question 29

Proteins are found in

Answer 29

- Fish - Eggs - Meat - etc.

Question 30

- made up of C, H, O, N - amino acid subunits form long polypeptide chains - over 20 different amino acids - Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N - “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each amino acid has something different in that spot)

Answer 30

Protein Structure

Question 31

Function of Proteins

Answer 31

- Transport molecules in and out of the cell - Control the speed of chemical reactions - Used for growth and repair Proteins make up the structure of living things… Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!

Question 32

**Protein Functions** most diverse macromolecules various roles:

Answer 32

- speed up reactions (enzymes) - form muscles - transport substances - fight disease

Question 33

is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

Answer 33

Hemoglobin

Question 34

is a protein that regulates blood sugar

Answer 34

Insulin

Question 35

- When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed - There are 20 kinds of amino acids - They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group NH2 - Peptide bonds form between amino acids - (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)

Answer 35

Importance of Amino Acids

Question 36

Stores and transmit hereditary information

Answer 36

Nucleic Acids

Question 37

Functions of Nucleic Acids

Answer 37

- Provide our genetic information - Holds the instructions to make proteins.

Question 38

Elements of Nucleic Acids

Answer 38

C-H-O-N-P

Question 39

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Answer 39

**Nucleotides** A nucleotide is made up of: - Sugar - Phosphate - Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine or Uracil

Question 40

Polymer of Nucleic Acid

Answer 40

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - Genetic code RNA (Ribonucleic acid) - Recipe for proteins ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - Energy carrier

Question 41

Nucleic Acid Structure

Answer 41

- made up of C, H, O, N, and P - subunits: nucleotides - nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 42

Two Examples of Nucleic Acid

Answer 42

- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) - RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 43

are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions (to change one set of chemicals to another) by lowering their activation energy.

Answer 43

Enzymes

Question 44

Three Important Characteristics of Enzymes

Answer 44

They have three important characteristics: - They are **specific** to a substrate - They work at an optimal pH and temperature - They are **reusable**

Question 45

the ____ is where the substrate molecule fits or binds | in Enzymes | Gap between the Enzyme and Substrate

Answer 45

Active Site

Question 46

the ____ is the molecule that the enzyme acts on | in Enzymes | above the Enzyme

Answer 46

Substrate

Question 47

The ____ and ____ fit together like a lock and key!

Answer 47

Enzyme, Substrate | sana all ganyan kapurrfecc

Question 48

the enzyme works its magic on the substrate… …and releases the new chemical products

Answer 48

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Question 49

Without an enzyme present, the reaction is ____ and requires a lot of energy. | In Activation Energy

Answer 49

gusto kitang isayaw nang MABAGAL | ang SLOW mo

Question 50

The enzyme lowers the ____ required in the reaction and speeds it up.

Answer 50

INAGY INAGY GAP BEAT INAGY GAP | oo na, energy