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Lesson 3 - THE CELL ORGANELLES Flashcards

1
Q

Contains nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; Surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope

A

Nucleoplasm

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2
Q

Control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

All materials inside the cell and outside the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Cytosol

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5
Q

Dissolved materials
Nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

High potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+) found in this (concentration difference important for nerve cells to send electrical signals)

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

High protein: enzymes, structural proteins, etc.

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

Low carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat (more of these molecules are found in EC fluid than inside the cell)

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

Structures with specific functions

A

Organelles

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10
Q

Organelles can be divided into

A

Non-membranous organelles and membranous organelles

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11
Q

Lacks a membrane surrounding the organelle

A

Non-membranous organelles

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12
Q

Direct contact with cytosol

A

Non-membranous organelles

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13
Q

Include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes (NOT PEROXISOMES)

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

Covered with phospholipid membrane

A

Membranous organelles

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15
Q

Isolated from cytosol by membrane

A

Membranous organelles

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16
Q

Include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi app, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

A

Membranous organelles

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17
Q

6 types of non-membranous organelles

A

Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Ribosomes
Proteasomes

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18
Q

Structural proteins for shape and strength
(Small -> large)
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton

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19
Q

thin filaments composed of the protein actin

A

microfilaments

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20
Q

provide additional mechanical strength

A

microfilaments

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21
Q

anchors cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins

A

microfilaments

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22
Q

interact with proteins for consistency of cytosol

  • if it forms a dense network = gelatinous cytosol
  • if it is widely dispersed = fluid cytosol
A

microfilaments

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23
Q

pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement (thick and thin filament interactions causes muscle contraction)

A

microfilaments

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24
Q

myosin proteins form ____ ____ in muscle tissue

A

thick filaments

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25
Q

mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules

A

intermediate filaments

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26
Q

______ fibers in superficial layers of skin are intermediate filaments

A

keratin

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27
Q
  • durable (most durable of the cytoskeleton elements)
  • strengthen cell and maintain shape
  • stabilize organelles
  • stabilize cell position with respect to surrounding cells
A

intermediate filaments

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28
Q

large, hollow tubes of tubulin protein

A

microtubules

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29
Q

attach to centrosome located close to the nucleus

A

microtubules

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30
Q

microtubule organizing center

A

centrosome

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31
Q

strengthen cell and anchor organelles

A

microtubules

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32
Q

change cell shape

A

microtubules

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33
Q

move vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein - motor proteins that use ATP to move vesicles along microtubules)

A

Microtubules

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34
Q

form spindle apparatus (moves chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase of mitosis)

A

Microtubules

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35
Q

core composed of microfilaments

A

microvilli

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36
Q

increase plasma membrane surface area for absorption

  • found on some epithelial cells of small intestine

attach to cytoskeleton

A

microvilli

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37
Q

______ in the centrosome (heart of the cytoskeleton, located next to nucleus) - composed of microtubules

A

centrioles

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38
Q

_____ form spindle apparatus during cell division

A

centrioles

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39
Q

cytoplasm surrounding centriole - microtubules radiate outward to cytoplasm from here

A

centrosome

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40
Q

composed of microtubules

A

cilia

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41
Q

small hair-like extensions

A

cilia

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42
Q

____ move fluids across the cell surface of respiratory and reproductive systems

A

cilia

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43
Q

used in translation (synthesis of polypeptides from instructions found on mRNA)

A

ribosomes

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44
Q

uses mRNA (nucleic acid polymer) as a template to create polypeptides

45
Q

the two types of ribosomes are free and fixed ribosomes

46
Q

in the cytoplasm and manufacture proteins for use inside the cell

A

free ribosomes

47
Q

attached to the ER

manufacture proteins for secretion or for plasma membrane

A

fixed ribosomes

48
Q

____ ribosomes start off as free ribosomes

49
Q

The free ribosomes become fixed to the ER during the ____ process

A

translation

50
Q

smaller than ribosomes

contain protein-digesting enzyme (proteases)

disassemble damaged or viral proteins for recycling

A

Proteasomes

51
Q

surrounded by a phospholipid membrane, isolates organelle from cytosol

A

membranous organelles

52
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

lysosomes

peroxisomes

mitochondria

nucleus

A

six types of membranous organelles

53
Q

All membranous organelles (except for mitochondria and peroxisomes) are either ____ or ____

A

interconnected or in communication thru the movement of vesicles (from one membranous organelle to another)

54
Q

continuous exchange of membrane parts (via vesicles)

A

membrane flow

55
Q

allows adaptation and change

56
Q

very active in secreting cells (an area equal to the entire membrane surface may be replaced each hour in very active secreting cells)

A

membrane flow

57
Q

within, cytoplasm, network

A

endo-, plasm, reticulum

58
Q

are storage chambers within membranes

59
Q

hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers

60
Q

synthesis of proteins, carbs, and lipids

A

gen function of ER (cisternae)

61
Q

storage of synthesized molecules and absorbed materials

ex: Ca2+ in muscle cells

A

gen function of ER (cisternae?)

62
Q

transport of materials within the ER

63
Q

detoxification (by enzymes inside the ER) of drugs or toxins absorbed into the ER

A

gen function of ER (cisternae)

64
Q

there are two types of endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

the two types of endo. reticulum

A

smooth and rough

66
Q

NO ribosomes attached

A

Smooth ER (SER)

67
Q

synthesizes lipids and carbs

(phospholipids and cholesterol - maintenance and growth of membranes)

(steroid hormones - reproductive system - androgens and estrogens)

(glycerides - storage in liver and fat cells)

(glycogen - storage in muscles)

A

SER (smooth ER)

68
Q

surface covered WITH ribosomes

A

rough endo reticulum (RER)

69
Q

active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis

A

rough ER (RER)

70
Q

folds polypeptide protein structures (of those produced inside this)

A

rough ER (RER)

71
Q

encloses products in transport vesicles

A

rough ER (RER)

72
Q

transport vesicles then deliver contents to ____ for further processing

A

golgi apparatus

73
Q

amount of ER and proportion of RER to SER varies with the cell type

74
Q

vesicles enter forming (“cis”) face and exit maturing (“trans”) face

A

golgi apparatus

75
Q

modifies and packages secretions

hormones or enzymes

substances are released by exocytosis

renews or modifies the plasma membrane (vesicles released, then merges with plasma mem to alter it)

packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm (lysosomes)

A

functions of the GOLGI APPARATUS

76
Q

powerful enzyme-containing vesicles (dissolve, body)

77
Q

used to break down and recycle large organic molecules and organelles

78
Q

formed by golgi app and inactive enzymes

A

primary lysosome

79
Q

fusion of primary lysosome to _____ (transport vesicle) or damaged organelle forms secondary lysosome

80
Q

digestive enzymes inside the lysosome activated to break down substances, isolate toxic chemicals

A

secondary lysosome

81
Q

______ reabsorbs released nutrients from break down, materials that remain in the lysosome are expelled from cell

82
Q

lysosomes function is usually tightly controlled

83
Q

clean up inside cells

break down large molecules

attack invading bacteria

recycle damaged organelles

A

functions of lysosomes

84
Q

self, break

A

auto, lysis

85
Q

lysosomes membrane in damaged/dead cells break down, releasing stored enzymes (become active in cytoplasm) which destroys intracellular proteins/organelles

86
Q

cell digests itself and dies

87
Q

more than 30 disease, affecting children

A

lysosomal storage disease

88
Q

lack of specific lysosomal enzyme which causes waste production build up in cells

A

lysosomal storage disease

89
Q

rare genetic disease caused by build up of lipids in brain cells

infantile form leads to death of individual (age 4)

A

Tay-Sachs disease

90
Q

enzyme-containing vesicles (smaller than lysosomes and contains different enzymes)

A

peroxisomes

91
Q

are produced by growth and division of existing peroxisomes, NOT from ER synth.

A

peroxisomes

92
Q

found in all cells, but highest in metabolically active cells such as liver cells

A

peroxisomes

93
Q

break down fatty acids

produce hydrogen peroxide during reaction

A

peroxisomes

94
Q

the enzyme _____ found in the peroxisome protects the cell by breaking down H2O2 into O2 and H2O

95
Q

uses chemical energy in food (glucose) to produce the energy molecule (ATP)

A

Mitochondria

96
Q

when active, produces 95% of ATP needed in the cell, other 5% produced outside ____ (Ex: glycolysis)

A

Mitochondria

97
Q

have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds (cristae)

A

mitochondria

98
Q

fluid inside the cristae

99
Q

gycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain, aerobic metabolism, mitochondrial disorders

A

mitochondrial energy production

100
Q

converts glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) (occurs in cytosol) for use in mitochondria

A

Glycolysis

101
Q

also known as the Krebs cycle and the _tric_arboxylic _a_cid cycle, or TCA cycle

A

citric acid cycle

102
Q

breaks down pyruvic acid to CO2 (in matrix)

generates ATP and intermediates for the electron transport chain

A

citric acid cycle

103
Q

found on the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

electron transport chain

104
Q

produces the most ATP compares to glycoloysis and citric acid cycle

A

electron transport train

105
Q

cellular respiration

A

aerobic metabolism

106
Q

mitochondria requires oxygen to break down food and produce ATP

A

aerobic metabolism

107
Q

If O2 not enough quantity, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain SHUT DOWN

108
Q

glucose + oxygen + ADP =

A

carbon dioxide + water + ATP

109
Q

Inherited, reduced ATP production

cells thruout body may be affected, but symptoms most common in muscle cells, neurons, and photoreceptors

A

mitochondrial disorders

A & P (6 decks)

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