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Hydrogeology > Lesson 3: Properties of Aquifers > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Properties of Aquifers Flashcards

1
Q

the capacity to do work.

A

energy

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2
Q

equal to the product of the net force exerted and the distance through which the force moves, SI unit?

A

work (w), joule (J) = kg.m2 / s2, N.m

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3
Q

is equal to the product of mass of the body and its acceleration, SI unit?

A

force (F), N = kg.m / s2

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4
Q

is equal to the mass multiplied to the
gravitational force (~9.8 m/s2) exerted to it by the earth, SI unit?

A

weight (w), kg.m / s2 = N

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5
Q

the ______ of a fluid or solid is its mass per unit volume, SI unit?

A

density (p), kg / m3

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6
Q

The _______ of a substance is its weight per unit
volume, SI unit?

A

specific weight (y), N / m3

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7
Q

is the force applied to a unit area
perpendicular to the direction of the force, SI unit?

A

pressure (P), N / m2

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8
Q

In hydrogeology, how is pressure measured?

A

relative to atmospheric pressure

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9
Q

how does atmospheric pressure vary?

A

varies with changing weather patterns

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10
Q

Standard atmospheric pressure

A

1.013 x 10^5 Pa.

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11
Q

what type of fluid is water

A

Newtonian

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12
Q

what do u mean by a newtonian fluid

A

means that its resistance to relative motion is proportional to the dynamic viscosity

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13
Q

Standard unit of dynamic viscosity

A

N.s/ m2

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14
Q

another convenient unit for dynamic viscosity

A

poise (P), g/s.cm

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15
Q

property of water where If pressure is applied, the same mass of fluid will be contained within a smaller volume.

A

a compressible fluid (compressibility)

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16
Q

describe the relationship between change in density and the change in pressure

A

change in density is (directly) proportional to the change in pressure.

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17
Q

The proportionality constant for compressibility is known as ?

A

the bulk modulus

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18
Q

The SI unit of bulk modulus

A

N / m2

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19
Q

assemblages of individual grains that were deposited by water, wind, ice and gravity.

A

sediments

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20
Q

openings between the sediment grains

A

pore spaces

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21
Q

key to the study of hydrogeology

A

pore spaces, voids, cracks

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22
Q

is the percentage of the rock or soil that is void of
material.

A

porosity

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23
Q

porosity equation

A

n = 100(Vv/V)

Vv > is the volume of void space in a unit volume of earth material

V > is the unit volume of earth material, including both voids and solids

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24
Q

laboratory procedure to yield a value of the effective porosity

A

emersion method

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25
Q

describe how to determine effective porosity by emersion method

A
  1. Laboratory porosity is determined by taking a sample of known volume (V)
  2. The sample is dried in an oven at 105oC until it reaches a constant weight.
  3. The dried sample is then submerged in a known volume of water until it is saturated
  4. The volume of the voids is equal to the original water volume less the volume in the chamber after the saturated sample is removed.
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26
Q

describe effective porosity in hard rocks vs sediments

A

effective porosity is often measured thru emersion method for hard rocks, but for most unconsolidated sediments effective porosity is just the total porosity

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27
Q

Peyton et al. (1986) concluded in one of his studies that the effective porosity of a sediment is a function of ?

A

effective porosity of a sediment is a function of:

  1. the size of the molecules that are being transported relative
  2. to the size of the passageways that connect the pores.
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28
Q

passageways typically smaller than pores

A

pore throats

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29
Q

what happens to the effective porosity if the molecule being transported has a greater diameter than some of the pore throats

A

the effective porosity would be limited with respect to the molecule

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30
Q

total porosity equation

A

Porosity (n)= 100 [1-(pb/pd)]

where:
pb > is the bulk density of the aquifer material; and
pd > is the particle density of the aquifer material

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31
Q

2 packing extremes of well rounded well sorted sediments

A

cubic and rhombohedral

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32
Q

Cubic packing of spheres has a porosity of?

A

47.65%

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33
Q

Rhombohedral packing of spheres has a porosity of?

A

25.95%

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34
Q

T or F: the diameter of the spheres influences the
porosity.

A

False: The diameter of the spheres DOES NOT influence the porosity.

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35
Q

If a sediment contains a mixture of grain sizes, how will the porosity change?

A

the porosity will be lowered.

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36
Q

aside from sorting what other 2 factors can affect porosity?

A
  1. the shape of grains and the
  2. fabric/orientation of the particles.
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37
Q

two factors for grain shape/form

A

roundness and spherecity

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38
Q

the range of sphericity

A

prismoidal, sub-prismoidal, spherical, sub-discoidal, discoidal (4.5-0.5)

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39
Q

the range of roundedness

A

very angular, angular, sub-angular, sub-rounded, rounded, well-rounded (0.5-5.5)

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40
Q

sediments are classified mainly on the basis of?

A

size (diameter of individual grains)

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41
Q

another term for rocks with: silt/clay-sized particles, sand-sized particles, and gravel-sized particles

A

lutites, arenites, rudites (respectively)

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42
Q

Name classification systems in use for sediment sizes and used by whom?

A
  1. udden-wentworth scale (modified wentworth) by American Geologists
  2. Phi (Φ) scale
  3. grain size scale used by soil scientists of US dep of Agri
  4. grain size scale used by engineers (ASTM Standards)
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43
Q

full ASTM

A

American Society for Testing and Materials

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44
Q

how is dry strength tested?

A
  • dried ball of cohesive sediment, ~1cm diameter
  • it is squeezed between thumb and forefinger
  • if it crumbles when dry, no dry strength.
  • ratings of low, medium and high depend on effort to break the dried ball into pieces
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45
Q

how to measure toughness?

A
  • take moist sample of cohesive sediment
  • roll between palms to make a thread of sediment about 3mm thick
  • low pressure to do this means low toughness, medium chuchu
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46
Q

The grain-size distribution of a sediment may be conveniently plotted on a _______

A

semilogarithmic paper

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47
Q

what size mesh with what opening size separates the sand fraction from the fines in the engineering classification system?

A

200-mesh screen, with an opening of 0.075 mm,

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48
Q

The gradation of the fines (<0.075 mm) is determined by ?

A

a hydrometer test/analysis

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49
Q

what rate is the hydrometer test/analysis based on, what is that dependent on? (?)

A

based on the rate that the sediment settles in water, dependent on density of sediments(?)

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50
Q

describe hydrometer test

A

1m long cylindrical tube (plastic or glass but mostly plastic), 1 liter of water with flocculant

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51
Q

after hydrometer test and sieve test, what do we do?

A

plot values on grain-size distribution curve to:
1. plot in ternary diagram, and
2. get uniformity coefficient (Cu)

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52
Q

a measure of how well or poorly sorted the grains are.

A

The uniformity coefficient (Cu) of a sediment

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53
Q

uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the grain size that is _______ finer by weight (____) to the grain size that is _____ finer by weight (_____)

A

60%;
d60;
10%;
d10

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54
Q

what do values of Cu mean?

A
  • Cu < 4 = well sorted.
  • Cu > 6 = poorly sorted
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55
Q

what does the effective grain size in the grain size distribution curve?

A

d10, the 10% line on the grain-size curve

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56
Q

porosity on sediment size

A

inversely. the smaller size, the higher porosity

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57
Q

porosity on unconsolidated vs consolidated

A

higher porosity on unconsolidated

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58
Q

porosity on degree of weathering

A

directly. the more weathered, the higher porosity

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59
Q

porosity on electrical resistivity

A

inversely. more porous, less electrical resistivity (bc more water)

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60
Q

2 process that reduce the porosity of sedimentary rocks

A

diagenesis lol
1. Compaction reduces pore volume by rearranging the grains and reshaping them.
2. The deposition of cementing materials

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61
Q

cementing materials

A

calcite, dolomite or silica

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62
Q

2 process that increase the porosity of sedimentary rocks

A
  1. The dissolution of material that is dissolved by the pore fluid will increase porosity
  2. fracturing
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63
Q

4 types of geologic porosities

A
  1. primary porosity
  2. secondary porosity
  3. fracture porosity
  4. vuggy porosity
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64
Q

The main or original porosity system in a rock or unconfined alluvial deposit.

A

primary porosity

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65
Q

A subsequent or separate porosity system in a rock, often enhancing overall porosity of a rock.

A

secondary porosity

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66
Q

2 causes of secondary porosity

A
  1. chemical leaching of minerals
  2. generation of a fracture system
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67
Q

T or F: Secondary can replace the primary porosity, but cannot coexist with it

A

FALSE. Secondary can replace the primary porosity OR coexist with it

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68
Q

secondary type of porosity in rocks that otherwise would not be reservoirs for hydrocarbons

A

fracture porosity

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69
Q

why are rock types like intrusions or metasediments without fractures not normally considered a reservoir for hydrocarbons

A

due to their primary porosity being destroyed (for example due to depth of burial)

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70
Q

This is secondary porosity generated by dissolution of large features (such as macrofossils) in carbonate rocks leaving large holes, vugs, or even caves.

A

vuggy porosity

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71
Q

rock examples that most often have vuggy porosity

A

limestone and dolostone

72
Q

are well-known and widespread examples of sedimentary rocks of chemical or biochemical origin.

A

Limestones and dolomites

73
Q

how do limestones and dolomites become very porous?

A
  • these rocks were originally part of an aqueous solution
  • precipitation is also reversible, so it redissolves
  • as more water moves thru bedding planes, they are preferentially dissolved and enlarge
    =very porous
74
Q

example of limestone formation that has an opening large enough to permit thousands of tourists a day to pass through them

A

Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico

75
Q

aside from limestone and dolostone, what are other cavernous stones?

A

gypsum and salt

76
Q

range of porosity in clastic rocks

A

3 to 30%, highly variable

77
Q

porosity values for limestones and dolomites

A

less than 1 to 30%

78
Q

Plutonic and metamorphic rocks are typically thought to have a _______ porosity as they are formed of ________

A

very low;
interlocking crystals

79
Q

in the deep granite test hole in northern Illinois, porosity was measured to be what percent at 1600m?

A

1.42% at 1600m depth: few fractures, possibly primary

same borehole as great as 2.15%, with fractures

80
Q

2 process that increase overall rock porosity

A

Weathering and fracturing

81
Q

Weathered plutonic and metamorphic rocks can have porosities in the range of ?

where are they found?

A

30% to 60%,

along fault zones, more fractured = more porous

82
Q

texture formed when lava cooling rapidly at the surface will trap degassing products resulting in holes in the rock

A

vesicular texture

83
Q

Porosity of basalt generally ranges from ?

A

1% to 12%

84
Q

Pumice can have a porosity ?

A

as high as 87%

although the vesicles are not well connected. (low permeability)

85
Q

tuff has a porosity ranging from

A

14% to 40%

86
Q

Recent unconsolidated volcanic ash may have a porosity of ?

A

50%

87
Q

Weathering of volcanic deposits can increase the porosity to?

A

excess of 60%

88
Q

the Dumoy aquifer contains what deposits?

A

volcanic deposits like ash and pumice

89
Q

It is ratio of the volume of water that drains from saturated rock owing to the attraction of gravity to the total volume of the rock

A

Specific Yield (Sy)

90
Q

Water molecules cling to surfaces because of ?

A

surface tension of water.

91
Q

If gravity exerts a stress on a film of water surrounding a mineral grain, some of the film will ______. The remaining film will be _____, with a ______ surface tension so that the stress of gravity will be______ by the surface tension

A

pull away and drip downward;
thinner;
greater;
exactly balanced

92
Q

the moisture clinging to the soil particles because of surface tension.

A

Pendular water

93
Q

the ratio of volume of water a rock can retain against gravity drainage to the total volume of rock

A

Specific Retention (Sr) of a rock or soil (storativity)

94
Q

what can be computed by adding the volume of the specific yield and specific retention.

A

The porosity of a rock/material

n = Sy + Sr

95
Q

It is the ability of a rock to transmit water

A

Hydraulic Conductivity

96
Q

constitute the most significant hydrologic properties

A

Hydraulic Conductivity (permeability) & porosity

97
Q

example of rock that exhibit porosity but lack
interconnected voids

A

vesicular basalt

98
Q

examples sediments and rocks that have porosity, but the pores are so small that water flows through the rock with difficulty.

A

Clay and shale

99
Q

a French Engineer, made the first systematic study of the movement of water through a porous medium, when?

A

Henry Darcy, mid-1800s

100
Q

what did Henry Darcy discover?

A
  1. water flow through a bed of a
    = proportional to the difference in the height of the water between the two ends of the filter beds and
    = inversely proportional to the length of the flow path
    = proportional to a coefficient, K, which is dependent upon the nature of the porous medium
    =proportional to cross sectional area of pipe
101
Q

thin vertical pipe used to measure rate of flow

A

piezometer

102
Q

full Darcy’s law

A

Q =-KA [(hA - hB)/L]
=-KA (dh/dl)

or q = -K (dh/dl)
where q = Q/A

103
Q

represents the change in head between 2 points

A

dh

104
Q

represents distance between two points in darcys experiment

A

dl

105
Q

represents the hydraulic gradient

A

dh/dl

106
Q

why does darcys law have a negative sign

A

bc it indicates that the flow is in the direction of decreasing hydraulic head

107
Q

what does q represent in darcy’s law

A

specific discharge

108
Q

dimensions of specific discharge

A

L/T

109
Q

describe the relationship between discharge and specific weight

A

Discharge is directly proportional to the specific weight, y, of the fluid

110
Q

The units that are typically used to express discharge in streams or rivers include ? (3)

A

m³/s, ft³/s, and/or acre-feet per day

111
Q

is the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume
of fluid

A

Specific weight, y

112
Q

describe the relationship between discharge and dynamic viscosity

A

Discharge is also inversely proportional to the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, μ

113
Q

a measure of the resistance of the fluid to the shearing that is necessary for the fluid flow.

A

dynamic viscosity of the fluid

114
Q

a function of the size of the openings through which the fluid moves.

A

Intrinsic Permeability

115
Q

Intrinsic Permeability unit

A

darcy

116
Q

represent some of the most prolific producers of groundwater.

A

Unconsolidated coarse-grained sediments

117
Q

what is intrinsic permeability a function of?

A

size of openings thru which fluid moves

118
Q

relationship of sediment grain size to surface area the water contracts

A

The smaller the size of the sediment grains, the larger the surface area the water contacts.

119
Q

For well-sorted sediments, what is the relationship of intrinsic permeability and grain size

A

For well-sorted sediments, the intrinsic permeability is proportional to the grain size of the sediment

120
Q

4 factors relating intrinsic permeability to grain size For sand-sized alluvial deposits

A
  1. median grain size increases = larger pore openings = increase permeability
  2. increase standard deviation of particle size = more poorly sorted = decrease permeability for median diameter
  3. greater decrease for coarser than finer for number 2
  4. Unimodal (one dominant size) samples have a greater permeability than bimodal (two dominant size) samples
121
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks have primary permeability characteristics similar to those of ?

A

unconsolidated sediments.

122
Q

what can reduce the size of the throats that connect adjacent pores for Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

diagenesis

123
Q

how can diagenesis can reduce the size of the throats for clastic sedimentary rocks

A

cementation and compaction

124
Q

these rock types typically have a low primary permeability

A

Crystalline rocks

125
Q

these rocks can have a high porosity and if the openings are large and well-connected, then they may also become highly permeable

A

Volcanic rocks

126
Q

3 ways Secondary permeability can develop in rocks

A

through fracturing, dissolution, and weathering.

127
Q

The hydraulic conductivity of earth materials can be measured in the laboratory thru the use of ?

A

permeameters

128
Q

It is the undulating surface at which pore water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.

A

Water Table

129
Q

In the absence of groundwater flow, what happens to the water table

A

flat

130
Q

A sloping water table indicates ?

A

the groundwater is flowing

131
Q

Groundwater discharge zones are in ?

A

topographical low spots

132
Q

The position of the water table often follows the ?

A

general shape of the topography.

133
Q

Groundwater generally flows away from _____________ toward __________.

A

away from topographical high spots —-> toward topographical lows.

134
Q

It is a geologic unit that can store and transmit water at rates fast enough to supply reasonable amount to wells.

A

Aquifer

135
Q

Intrinsic permeability of aquifers would range about ?

A

10^-2 darcy upward.

136
Q

7 common rock units known to be aquifers.

A

Unconsolidated sand and gravels, sandstone, limestone, dolomites, basalt flows, fractured plutonic and metamorphic rocks

137
Q

geologic unit having little or no intrinsic permeability

A

Confining Layer

138
Q

intrinsic permeability values of confining layers

A

less than 10^-2 darcy

139
Q

3 classifications of confining layers

A
  1. aquitard
  2. aquiclude
  3. aquifuge
140
Q

an absolutely impermeable unit that will not transmit any water

A

Aquifuge

141
Q

is a layer of low permeability that can store groundwater and also transmit it slowly from one aquifer to another

A

Aquitard

142
Q

Aquitard is aka?

A

leaky confining layer

143
Q

is a rock unit or geologic formation through which inappreciable quantity of water moves or is transmitted.

A

Aquiclude

144
Q

Aquifers that can be close to the land surface, with continuous layers of materials of high intrinsic permeability extending from the land surface to the base of the aquifer.

A

water-table aquifer or unconfined aquifer

145
Q

aquifers that are overlain by a confining layers.

A

Confined aquifers

146
Q

another name for confined aquifers

A

artesian aquifers

147
Q

the surface representative of the level to which water will rise in a well cased to the aquifer (for unconfined)

A

Potentiometric surface for a confined aquifer (water table niya)

148
Q

water table of confined aquifer

A

potentiometric surface

149
Q

If the potentiometric surface of an aquifer is above the land surface, what may occur?

A

a flowing artesian well may occur.

150
Q

is a layer of saturated soil which forms above the main water table, some not enough to sustain a populations

A

Perched aquifer

151
Q

3 ways confined aquifers can form

A
  1. created by alternating aquifers and confining units deposited on a regional dip
  2. created by deposition of alternating layers of permeable sand and gravel and impermeable silts and clays deposited in intermontane basins
  3. created by upwarping of beds by intrusion
152
Q

things u need to create potentiometric surface maps in GIS

A

-drilling data
-coordinates
-depth to water table for more than 10 samples

153
Q

local recharge zones

A

lakes

154
Q

is the measure of the amount of water that can be transmitted horizontally through a unit width by the saturated thickness of the aquifer under a hydraulic gradient of 1.

A

transmissivity

155
Q

transmissitivity equation

A

the transmissivity is the product of the hydraulic conductivity and the saturated thickness of the aquifer:

T=bK

156
Q

how to calculate transmissivity for multilayer aquifer

A

total transmissivity is the sum of the transmissivity of each of the layers

157
Q

the volume of water that a permeable unit will absorb or expel from storage per unit surface area per unit change in head

A

Storage Coefficient

158
Q

aka storage coefficient

A

Storativity

159
Q

aquifer characteristic referring to when In then saturated zone, the head creates pressure, affecting
the arrangement of mineral grains and the density of the water in the voids. If the pressure increases, the mineral skeleton will expand; if it drops, the mineral skeleton will contract.

A

Elasticity

160
Q

is the amount of water per unit volume of a saturated formation that is stored or expelled from storage owing to the compressibility of the mineral skeleton and the pore water per unit change in head.

A

Specific Storage

161
Q

aka specific storage

A

Elastic Storage Coeffcient

162
Q

At a given plane in a saturated aquifer, a downward stress is placed on the aquifer skeleton by the weight of the overlying rock and water. This called ?

A

total stress

163
Q

There is an upward stress on the plane caused by the fluid pressure. The upward stress will, in part, counteract the total stress, so the resulting stress that is actually borne by the aquifer, called the _________, is less than the total stress

A

effective stress

164
Q

8 aquifer characteristics

A
  1. transmissivity
  2. storage coefficient (storativity)
  3. elasticity
  4. specific storage (elastic storage coefficient)
  5. compressibility
  6. effective stress/total stress
  7. homogeneity
  8. isotropy
165
Q

total stress equation

A

Ot = Oe + P

Oe =effective stress
P =pressure

166
Q

one that has the same properties at all locations

A

homogeneous unit

167
Q

In __________ formations, hydraulic properties change spatially. One example would be a change in thickness.

A

heterogeneous

168
Q

are units that have the same intrinsic permeability in all directions.

A

Isotropic

169
Q

if the geometry of the voids is not uniform then there may be a direction in which intrinsic permeability is greater

A

Anisotropic

170
Q

factor q in darcys law

A

specific discharge

171
Q

another term for specific discharge

A

Darcinian velocity

172
Q

T or F: Darcinian velocity is not a true velocity as the cross-sectional area, A, is partially blocked with soil material.

A

True

173
Q

is a measure of the quantity of any fluid flow over unit time.

A

Discharge

174
Q

how is discharge measured as?

A

volume or mass

175
Q

how to plot the gradient of potentiometric surface

A

using interpolation method

Hydrogeology (6 decks)

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