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Hydrogeology > Lesson 2: Elements of Hydrologic Cycle > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Elements of Hydrologic Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor state

A

evaporation

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2
Q

the primary pathway that water moves from a liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor.

A

evaporation

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3
Q

the number of grams of water per cubic meter

A

absolute humidity

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4
Q

maximum amount of moisture the air can hold in given temperature

A

saturation humidity

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5
Q

max amount of water that can be stored in 1 cubic meter of air in a given temperature

A

saturation humidity

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6
Q

how does saturation humidity and air temperature relate to each other?

A

they’re directly proportional to each other

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7
Q

percent ratio of absolute humidity to the saturation humidity for the temperature of the air mass

A

relative humidity

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8
Q

what happens to evaporation as relative humidity approaches 100%

A

evaporation stops and condensation starts

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9
Q

What happens when the air mass can no longer hold all of its humidity?

A

condensation starts, (aka 100% relative humidity)

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10
Q

what happens to relative humidity if the absolute humidity remains constant

A

the relative humidity will rise

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11
Q

what happens when relative humidity reaches 100% and there is further cooling

A

condensation starts

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12
Q

name of temperature at which condensation will begin

A

dew point

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13
Q

Growing plants are continuously pumping water from the ground into the atmosphere through the process of ?

A

transpiration

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14
Q

how much water is being transpired by plants?

A

50-60 gals/hr

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15
Q

what enables the travel of water from soil roots to leaves?

A

osmotic pressure

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16
Q

opening surface of leaves where air may pass through. they are responsible for gas exchange and help with photosynthesis and hydration

A

Stomata

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17
Q

what part of the plant is the stomata located

A

for land plants, at the underside of leaves, for water plants at the upper surface of leaves

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18
Q

Amount of transpiration is a function of what two factors?

A

density and size of drainage basin

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19
Q

what season is transpiration especially important

A

plants’ growing season

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20
Q

WHEN does transpiration happen?

A

95% takes place during daylight, during photosynthesis

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21
Q

what limits transpiration?

A

the availability of soil water

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22
Q

soil-water content becomes low that surface tension of soil-water interface exceeds the osmotic pressure of roots and subsequently causes water to no longer enter the roots

A

wilting point

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23
Q

plants with taproot system extending to the water table

A

phreatophytes

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24
Q

describe the leaves and stalks of typical phreatophytes

A

-thick leaves
-spiky stalks to deter grazing animals

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25
Q

desert plants

A

xerophytes

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26
Q

aquatic plants

A

hydrophytes

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27
Q

example of xerophytes

A

succulents (have fleshy leaves): aleo, agave, peperomia, haworthia, kalanchoe, bryophyllum

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28
Q

example of hydrophytes

A

lily, lotus, lemna, wolffia, hydrilla, eichhornia

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29
Q

accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and water bodies

A

evapotranspiration

30
Q

describe the potential evapotranspiration vs actual evapotranspiration, also describe precipitation in an area with:
1. coarse soil, limited soil moisture storage, warm dry summers and cool moist winters
2. fine soils with ample soil moisture storage, warm summers, cool winters and little seasonal change in precipitation

A
  1. very much less actual evapotranspiration compared to potential, little precipitation
  2. actual evapotranspiration is close to (almost as much as) the potential, a lot of precipitation

*clay can hold more water thus evaporate more

31
Q

how to measure evapotranspiration?

A

Evapotranspiration can be measured directly using a lysimeter

32
Q

a large container holding soil and plants

A

lysimeter

33
Q

how does a lysimeter work?

A

> It is set outdoors; initial soil-water content is determined.
precipitation and any irrigation water added are measured
changes in soil-moisture storage reveal how much of the added water is lost to evapotranspiration

34
Q

at least 3 parts of a lysimeter

A

tensiometer, suction, electrodes

35
Q

what exactly can a lysimeter measure?

A

soil water content, temperature, electrical conductivity of soil

36
Q

formula for the evapotranspiration of a period

A

Er = Si + PR + IR - Sf - DE

Si -volume of initial soil water
PR -precipitation into the lysimeter
IR -the irrigation water added to the lysimeter
Sf -volume of final soil water
DE -excess moisture drained from the soil

37
Q

what happens When an air mass with a relative humidity lower than 100% is cooled without losing moisture

A

the relative humidity will approach 100% as the air approaches the dew-point temperature.

38
Q

what may start to occur when the air mass is saturated?

A

condensation may start to occur

39
Q

what does condensation need to form?

A

a surface or nucleus

40
Q

specific examples of nucleus for condensation to form

A

clay minerals, salts, combustion products (aerosols -suspended air molecules)

41
Q

what happens when there is no nucleus for condensation?

A

air mass may become supersaturated without the formation of raindrops or ice crystals

42
Q

what happens when there is a nucleus for condensation to form?

A
  • the air mass then starts to grow by attraction (diffusion) of water vapor and additional condensation
  • cloud elements collude and coalesce, then
  • raindrops begin to form
43
Q

4 needed parameters needed to initiate precipitation

A
  1. Humid air mass must be cooled to the dew-point temperature.
  2. Condensation of freezing nuclei must be present.
  3. Droplets must coalesce to form raindrops.
  4. Raindrops must be of sufficient size when they leave the clouds to ensure that they will not totally evaporate before they reach the ground
44
Q

Air masses are cooled by a process called?

A

adiabatic expansion

45
Q

occurs when the air mass rises in the atmosphere and expands owing to the decreasing pressure

A

adiabatic expansion

46
Q

When the air mass reaches the dew point temperature, further lifting and cooling will cause condensation. what is released?

A

the latent heat of vaporization is released

47
Q

unit for rain gauge

A

mm or cm

48
Q

how to measure precipitation and snow?

A

Any open container (rain gauge) can be used to catch and measure rainfall
-opening size has little effect (except for those less than 3 cm in diameter)
-affected by high winds
-location/placement is critical: should be close to the ground as possible, avoid winds, in open area, away from trees
-if steep slopes, opening should be parallel to slope

49
Q

in urban areas, where is the rain gauge placed?

A

at the roof of buildings

50
Q

standard rain gauge diameters for the US, Canada and PH?

A

US -20.3cm or 2/3 of a ruler
Canada -9cm
Ph(?) -8 inches

51
Q

technology that can be used to remotely measure the intensity of precipitation on the area

A

radar

52
Q

how long does it take to determine the effective depth of precipitation

A

may be determined for time periods ranging from the duration of part of a single storm to a year

53
Q

what data are being measured when determining the depth of precipitation?

A

The data are generally measurements of precipitation and/or equivalent snowfall at a number of points throughout the drainage basin.

54
Q

what could be the cause of data missing at one or more stations when measuring the effective depth of precipitation?

A

equipment malfunction or operator absence. this would create a problem

55
Q

what should be done if data missing at one or more stations when measuring effective depth of precipitation

A

To solve the problem, three close precipitation stations with full records that are evenly spaced around the station with a missing record are used.

use the Pz formula

56
Q

If the rain gauge network is of uniform density, how to tell the depth of precipitation?

A

arithmetic average of the point-rainfall data for each station

57
Q

for US standards, precipitation amounts are in what units? how about station locations? (how about for PH?)

A

precipitation -cm
location -in decimal places

in PH, stations are just named after minicipalities

58
Q

If the rain gauge network is not of uniform density, how to tell the depth of precipitation?

A

some adjustment is necessary

59
Q

what’s a more accurate method to measure depth of precipitation

A

to draw a precipitation contour map with lines of equal rainfall (isohyetal lines)

60
Q

show contours of equal rainfall depth

A

isohyets (isohyetal lines)

61
Q

what are the contours in isohyets based on?

A

simple linear interpolation

62
Q

Satellite used by DOST and PAG-ASA to monitor typhoon trajectory

A

DOST HIMAWARI-8 Satellite

63
Q

shows the discharge of a river at a single location as a function of time

A

stream hydrograph

64
Q

method to adjust non-uniform gauge distribution uses a weighing factor (based on the area within the
drainage basin) for each rain gauge.

A

Thiessen method

65
Q

how to construct Thiessen polygons

A

✓ The stations are connected with lines.
✓ The perpendicular bisector of each line is found.
✓ The bisectors are extended to form the polygons around each station

66
Q

effect when one side of a mountain has high precipitation but the other side is arid, thus if we use the Thiessen method, it would yield wonky results

A

orographic effect

67
Q

aka gaining stream

A

effluent stream

68
Q

what type of stream is typical in humid regions and why?

A

effluent streams, because groundwater is able to recharge them

69
Q

aka losing stream

A

influent stream

70
Q

type of stream typical in arid regions, and why

A

influent streams because they recharge groundwater

71
Q

what happens to a stream during flood stage if it is gaining during low-flow periods

A

can become temporarily a losing stream during flood stage

72
Q

what happens to the rate of baseflow if the rate of infiltration increases (during gentle rain)?

A

the baseflow increases, more is being fed to the stream, thus the stream is now deeper and has a greater discharge

Hydrogeology (6 decks)

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