Lesson 3 Minerals and Rocks Flashcards
naturally occurring not man made
inorganic
solid
definite chemical composition
ordered internal structure
mineral
quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral
luster
generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal
metallic
vitreous (glassy) adamantine (diamond like) resinous, silky, pearl, dull, greasy
non metallic
measure of resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratch
hardness
unique identifying property of minerals and maybe a poor indicator
color
color of mineral in powdered form
streak
golden color black or dark gray streak
pyrite
the ability of mineral to break along planes of weak bonding
cleavage
some minerals may not have cleavages but may exhibit broken surfaces that are irregular and non planar
fracture
it is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water
specific gravity
silicon 28% and oxygen 47% over 90% of the rock forming minerals belong to this group
silicates
minerals containing oxygen anion (-O2) combined with one or more metal ions
oxides
minerals containing sulfur and oxygen anon (S04) combined with other ions
sulfates
contains sulfur anion (S2) combined with one or more ions
sulfides
contains carbonate anion (C03) 2- combined with other elements
carbonates
contains halogen elements combined with one or more elements
halides
minerals that form as individual elements
native elements
minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low hardness
metals and inter metals
more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity
semi metals
formed when magma or lava cool to a solid form, either glass or masses of tightly inter grown mineral crystals
igneous
formed from magma and tends to take a long time to solidify into rock has phaneretic textures
intrusive or plutonic
formed from lava and tends to solidify quickly common textures include aphanitic and porphyritic
extrusive or volcanic
fine grained, not visible to the naked eye, relatively fast rates of cooling/solidification prevent the formation of large crystals
aphanitic
natural glass with very few crystals
glassy
rock fragments volcanic ash
pyroclastic
air bubbles trapped inside
vesicular
65% silica, generally light colored
felsic/granitic
55-65% silica, generally medium colored (gray)
intermediate/andesitic
44-55% silica, usually dark colored
mafic/basaltic
<45% silica, generally very dark colored
ultramafic
formed at or near the surface of the earth
when mineral crystals and clasts of plants animals or rocks are compressed or naturally cemented together
weathering, erosion, transport and deposition
sedimentary
formed from the erode part of other rocks
clastic rocks with volcanic origin
clastic sedimentary
evaporation and precipitation from solution or lithification of organic matter
non clastic sedimentary
formed below the surface of the earth thru process of metamorphism with the recrystallization of minerals in rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature conditions
metamorphic
heat and reactive fluids as main factor
occurs when re existing rocks gets in contact with magma which the source of heat and magmatic fluids where metamorphic alterations and transformations occur around he contact of metamorphic aureole of the intruding magma and the rock layers
contact metamorphism
pressure as main factor
occurs in areas that have undergone considerate amount of mechanical deformation and chemical recrystallization during orogenic event which are commonly associated with mountain belts
creates foliated metamorphic rocks
regional metamorphism
process of breaking down or dissolving rocks
weathering
soil and rock particles are driven by a transport agent
erosion
the laying down of the sediment carried by any transport agent
deposition
the process wherein the sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks
lithification
forms from the accumulation of materials both from chemical and mechanical weathering
detrital sedimentary rocks
rocks altered at high temp and moderate pressures
hydrothermal metamorphism
when extraterrestrial body impacts with earth
shock metamorphism
concentrated within an igneous body thru magmatic processes
magmatic ore deposits
concentration by hot aqueous fluids
hydrothermal ore deposits
concentrated by chemical precipitation from lake or sea water
sedimentary ore deposits
concentration thru gravity separation
placer ore deposits
concentrated by chemical weathering
residual ore deposits
addition of chemicals ike cyanide or acid to dissolve non-useful rock
heap leaching
addition of substances that produces air bubbles and attach to minerals to make em float
flotation
consolidated mixture of one or more minerals
rocks
the minerals toughness or resistance to breaking
tenacity
