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Russia Unit 2 > Lesson 3-How Successful Was Stalin's First Five-Year Plan? > Flashcards

Lesson 3-How Successful Was Stalin's First Five-Year Plan? Flashcards

1
Q

When was the First Five-Plan?

A

1928-1932

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2
Q

What Was this first five-year plan a set of targets for?

A

Industrialisation

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3
Q

What is crash industrialisation?

A

Industrialisation as quick as possible

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4
Q

Who were the Gosplan?

A

State planning committee

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5
Q

Define the term commodities

A

A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee

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6
Q

What were foundational industries?

A

Heavy industries that would lay the foundation for future industrial development

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7
Q

What Was the proletarian advancement?

A

The removal of existing ‘bourgeois specialists’ and replacing them with newly trained working-class ‘red specialists.’

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8
Q

What is the free market?

A

An economic organisation where citizens are free to compete against each other as purchasers and providers of goods and services.

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9
Q

Who has a very limited role in the free market?

A

The government

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10
Q

In a free market, what are consumption and prices determined by?

A

The needs of the consumers

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11
Q

What is the black market?

A

Similar to free market but trading of the goods and services on the black market is illegal.
Subsequently, trading of this kind is kept secret.

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12
Q

What is a speculator?

A

Someone who makes money buying and selling, rather than producing goods.

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13
Q

What did Communists believe about speculators?

A

Speculation is an extremely Capitalist activity which exploited those who produced goods.

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14
Q

What are show trials?

A

An event in which people are publicly shamed for allegedly criminal acts.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of show trials?

A

To make an ‘example’ of the ‘criminals’.
To persuade the public that similar activity should be avoided.

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16
Q

Who are shock workers?

A

Volunteers who are sent to work on projects for short periods of time in order to speed up their completion.

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17
Q

Define gigantomania.

A

The worship of size for its own sake
the creation of abnormally large works.

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18
Q

What is Magnitogorsk?

A

A place that went from being a small village in 1928 to a town of 25,000 people in 1932

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19
Q

What were the FYPs designed to break away from?

A

NEP and its Capitalist elements

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20
Q

What were the main targets of the FYPs?

A

Bring about rapid industrialisation
Modernise the economy
Move towards Socialism

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21
Q

What did Stalin hope the expansion of industry would increase?

A

The size of the proletariat

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22
Q

Who are the proletariat?

A

Working class.
Someone who sells their labour in order to earn a living.

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23
Q

Why did Stalin want to increase the proletariat?

A

It would create more loyal party members

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24
Q

Why did Stalin think his enemies would do?

A

Crush the only Communist state

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25
Q

What did Stalin feel could only defend the USSR?

A

Only an economically and militarily strong USSR could defend itself

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26
Q

Why was NEP becoming increasingly unpopular?

A

Party members who were recruited under the Lenin Enrolment believed it wasn’t helping to create an equal society.

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27
Q

Why did the party members under the Lenin Enrolment believe that the NEP was not helping to create and equal society?

A

They believed it encouraged the growth of Nepmen and Kulaks.

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28
Q

Who were Nepmen?

A

businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade and small-scale manufacturing provided under the New Economic Policy

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29
Q

When was NEP?

A

1921-28

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30
Q

What was economic progress like by 1928 and why?

A

It was slowing
The NEP was not delivering the industrialisation the USSR needed.

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31
Q

What did Stalin say in regards to Russia being behind other countries (a quote)?

A

‘We are 50 to 100 years behind advanced countries. We must make good this distance in 10 years. Either we do it or we shall be crushed.’

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32
Q

What was this rapid industrialisation and important part of?

A

Stalin’s cry of ‘Socialism in one country.’

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33
Q

What type of economy did the FYPs call for?

A

Command Economy

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34
Q

At what Party Congress was the decision to abandon NEP made?

A

Fifteenth Party Congress in 1927

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35
Q

What did the plans aim to use to make the USSR self-sufficient?

A

The most advanced technology applied with an emphasis on heavy industry.

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36
Q

What did the plans rely on?

A

The mass mobilisation of people and resources.

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37
Q

What is mass mobilisation?

A

Growing the movement
a process that engages and motivates a wide range of partners and allies at national and local levels to raise awareness of and demand for a particular development objective through face-to-face dialogue.

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38
Q

What did Stalin have to introduce to make sure the FYPs worked?

A

a Command Economy

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39
Q

What is a command economy?

A

Where production levels and prices are set by the government

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40
Q

Who did Stalin turn to when he needed to introduce a Command Economy?

A

Gosplan

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41
Q

Who were Gosplan?

A

The State Planning Committee

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42
Q

What did Gosplan set targets for?

A

Industry

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43
Q

Where were targets set by Gosplan sent to?

A

Each region of the country

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44
Q

Where were the targets set for each region of the country sent to?

A

Each factory, mine etc

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45
Q

Who did factory managers set targets for?

A

Every worker

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46
Q

What did Gosplan fail to do in regards to targets?

A

Say how they should be achieved

47
Q

Who was figuring out how the targets should be achieved left to?

A

Individual managers

48
Q

What specific dates was the First FYP?

A

October 1928-December 1932

49
Q

What are some examples of heavy industries the First FYP aimed at developing?

A

Coal
Iron
Steel
Oil
Heavy machinery

50
Q

What did Stalin believe about heavy industry?

A

He believed they were the building blocks for an advanced industrial economy.

51
Q

Which countries were being developed economically for the first time during the First FYP?

A

Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan

52
Q

Where were new industrial plants built?

A

To the East of the Ural Mountains.

53
Q

Why were new industrial plants built to the East of the Ural Mountains?

A

So they would be safe if the USSR was invaded from the West.

54
Q

Which is the most important city which was built from scratch?

A

Magnitogorsk

55
Q

Despite being a significant advancement, what were the negatives of Magnitogorsk?

A

People lived and worked in terrible conditions.

56
Q

What other aspect was vital to the First FYP?

A

Electricity

57
Q

Which project was built in regards to electricity?

A

Dnieprotroi Dam

58
Q

What was the Dnieprotroi Dam?

A

A massive hydroelectric dam

59
Q

What type of factories were built in Stalingrad?

A

Tractor

60
Q

What type of factories were built in Moscow?

A

Car

61
Q

What did canals help to do?

A

Connected Moscow with the River Volga
Connected Leningrad with the White Sea

62
Q

Who built the canals?

A

Prisoners

63
Q

In what ways was the USSR economically behind Europe?

A

Technology was outdated
Could not keep up with the needs of the growing Soviet population

64
Q

Give an example of an objective of the First FYP regarding certain groups of people.

A

To abolish detested Nepmen, private business owners and traders

65
Q

Why did Stalin say the quote about being 50 to 100 years behind advanced countries?

A

He feared foreign invasion.

66
Q

What were people encouraged to do?

A

‘Storm’ and ‘conquer’ on many ‘fronts’

67
Q

Which industries were only targeted by the government?

A

Those who the government saw as a priority.
Resources were allocated accordingly.

68
Q

What did the FYPs see an extension over?

A

The state and economy

69
Q

Why were People’s Commissariats set up?

A

To co-ordinate the differing branches of industry

70
Q

What were Party Officials used for?

A

Used at the factory level to ensure orders from the centre were carried out

71
Q

What were small businesses and shopkeepers forced to join?

A

State co-operatives

72
Q

Who were there concerted campaign against?

A

So-called ‘bourgeois experts’

73
Q

Who were these so-called ‘bourgeois experts’?

A

Those who kept their jobs because of skills
Opening their jobs to the more loyal (even if less trained)

74
Q

Who were the 1928, series of show trials against?

A

The bourgeois experts who were accused of ‘wrecking’ and deliberate sabotage.

75
Q

Who was concentrating on the rapid growth of heavy industry recommended by?

A

Super Industrialists

76
Q

Whose ideas did Stalin use though he did not acknowledge this?

A

Economic theorist
Evgeny Preobrazhensky

77
Q

What sector was neglected during the First FYP?

A

Consumer goods/industries

78
Q

Give some example of consumer industries which were neglected.

A

Textiles and producers of household goods

79
Q

Why did the First FYP not focus on consumer goods?

A

Wanted to build up an industrial infrastructure of factories, communication networkers and plant before other sectors could flourish

80
Q

How did the targets develop along the course of the First plan?

A

At start=Ambitious targets
As the plan was put into effect=Constantly raised to even more unrealistic heights

81
Q

What did McCauley say in 1993 regarding the targets of the First plan?

A

‘As if mathematics had ceased to function.’

82
Q

The goal became not just fulfilling the plan but what?

A

Over-fulfilling

83
Q

To not over fulfill the plan would be a sign of what?

A

Lack of commitment

84
Q

Although targets were not achieved, what were achievements like?

A

They were impressive.

85
Q

What did the impressive achievements of the First FYP transform the Soviet Union into?

A

A major industrial power with a modern if unbalanced economy

86
Q

What was industrial expansion only due to?

A

The efficient use of existing factories and equipment

87
Q

New plants did not have an impact until what year?

A

1934

88
Q

Apart from Magnitogorsk, what other large industrial centre was built from scratch?

A

Gorki

89
Q

In 1929 how many people were there living in Magnitogorsk?

A

Only 25

90
Q

In what year had the population of Magnitogorsk increased to 250,000?

A

Three years later
In 1932

91
Q

What was life like in these large industrial centres?

A

Centres were primitive (ancient)
Work was hard
Rewards were limited

92
Q

By 1933, how much of the workforce in Moscow was skilled?

A

Only 17%

93
Q

What did the government rely on since lots of people were unskilled?

A

‘Shock bridges’

94
Q

What were ‘shock bridges’ made up of?

A

The best workers to set an example

95
Q

Who was the most well-known model worker?

A

Alexei Stakhanov

96
Q

What types of rewards were there for model workers?

A

E.g., New flat and bigger rations

97
Q

What was done with slackers?

A

They were ridiculed

98
Q

What did sites have to motivate the workers?

A

Statues of Lenin

99
Q

What could the government use as a last resort to make sure large building projects were complete?

A

Slave labour

100
Q

Where did nobody want to collect resources from?

A

Serbia

101
Q

A lot of the increasing Gulag population were members of?

A

Serbia

102
Q

Where did labour camp prisoners divert to?

A

Mines
Railway construction
Other projects

103
Q

Give an example of a project which labour camp prisoners worked on.

A

The White Sea Canal

104
Q

How many prisoners were employed to work on the White Sea Canal by 1932?

A

180,000

105
Q

How many prisoners had died on the White Sea Canal project?

A

10,000

106
Q

What did the deaths of 10,000 prisoners on the White Sea Canal project signify?

A

The attitude towards human loss

107
Q

What was the completion of the White Sea Canal hailed as?

A

A propaganda triumph

108
Q

Why was the White Sea Cana useless for all but small barges?

A

It had cuts

109
Q

How did factory managers try to meet their unrealistic targets?

A

Ambushed resources from other factories.
Through bribery.

110
Q

What was often sacrificed in order to meet targets?

A

Quality

111
Q

How much tractors was the Stalingrad factory supposed to produce a month in 1930?

A

500

112
Q

In June of 1930, how much tractors had the Stalingrad factory managed to built?

A

8

113
Q

What happened to the 8 tractors which the Stalingrad factory managed to build?

A

They all broke down

Russia Unit 2 (7 decks)

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