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Biology > Lesson 3 (Domains & Kingdoms) > Flashcards

Lesson 3 (Domains & Kingdoms) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three domains present day organisms can be classified into?

A

Bacteria, eukarya, archaea.

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2
Q

What domain is bigger than both others combined?

A

Bacteria is bigger than archaea and eukarya combined.

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3
Q

Which domains share a similar cell architecture and why?

A

Bacteria and archaea as they both lack a nucleus and are often designed as prokaryotes.

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4
Q

Which domain is most similar to eukarya?

A

Archaea because they have a common ancestor.

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5
Q

What is the taxonomy classification pyramid?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum (phyla), class, order, family, genus (genera), species.

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6
Q

How does binomial nomenclature work?

A

Genus, species ( both underlined or in italics).

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7
Q

For most prokaryotes, what is DNA?

A

It is a single circular molecule that unfolds when it is released from the cell. It is the prokaryotic chromosome.

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8
Q

Are prokaryotic organisms the smallest or biggest in the world and what does that allow them to do?

A

They one the smallest which makes them more efficient at getting things in and out of cells.

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9
Q

Do prokaryotes have cytoplasmic organelles?

A

No.

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10
Q

The reactions carried out in organelles of eukaryotes are distributed between which part of the prokaryotic cells?

A

The plasma membrane and the cytoplasmic solution. Macromolecules, especially proteins are very concentrated in the cytoplasm of these cells.

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11
Q

What and the small circles of DNA called in prokaryotic cells and what do they contain?

A

They are called plasmids and contain genes for nonessential but beneficial functions such as antibiotic resistance.

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12
Q

What do both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells contain?

A

They both have ribosomes, a chemical complex of RNA and special proteins that convert DNA to proteins.

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13
Q

What is the cell membrane made of in bacteria?

A

Phospholipids.

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14
Q

What is the cell wall made of in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan (lends rigidity).

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15
Q

What is a peptidoglycan?

A

It is a polymer of sugar and amino acids that forms linear chains.

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16
Q

What is the most important criteria for the classification of a bacteria.

A

Its shape.

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17
Q

What are the two possible shapes for bacteria?

A

A rod shape (bacillus) or a spherical shape (coccus).

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18
Q

What is another important criterion for the classification of bacteria?

A

The arrangement of the cell wall (gram+ or gram-)

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19
Q

What is the difference between a gram- positive bacteria and a gram- negative bacteria?

A

Gram-negative bacteria has a more fluid outer membrane and a cell wall that contains both phosphor lipids and peptidoglycan while the gram-positive bacteria has a cell wall that contains exclusively peptidoglycan. Both plasma membranes are the same. Gram-positive can be stained.

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20
Q

What were the first organisms to have lived on earth?

A

Bacteria.

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21
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

By comparing their nucleic acid and protein sequences.

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22
Q

What is the only type of bacteria that can photosynthesize?

A

Cyanobacteria.

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23
Q

What is the main role of bacteria in ecosystems?

A

The recycling of element (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) because of their ability to metabolize a wide range of substrates.

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24
Q

In what element’s cycle does bacteria have a role?

A

In the cycle of carbon, bacteria act as a biochemical cycle.

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25
Q

How can bacteria be called for their energy source and carbon source?

A

Chemoheterotrophs (chemical, organic compounds), chemoautotrophs (chemical, CO2), photoheterotrophs (light, organic compounds), photoautotrophs (light, CO2).

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26
Q

What were the first archaea isolated from?

A

From extreme environments. They are thermopiles and halophiles. And so, they use called extremophiles.

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27
Q

What do archaea and bacteria (prokaryotes) have in common?

A

They both have no nuclear envelope, a single chromosome and genes arranged in operons.

28
Q

What do archaea and eukaryotes have in common?

A

They both have proteins called histones, lack peptidoglycan, nave multiple types of RNA polymerase and use methionine as the first amino acid placed in proteins.

29
Q

What are the roles of archaea according to their energy source and carbon source?

A

Chemoheterotrophs (chemicals, organic compounds), chemoautotrophs (chemicals, CO2), photoautotrophs (light, CO2).

30
Q

Some archaea play an important role in the conversion of what?

A

Of methane (in the carbon cycle).

31
Q

Some archaea carry important steps in what elements’ cycle?

A

The nitrogen cycle.

32
Q

What characteristics distinguish eukaryotes cells from prokaryotes cells?

A

In eukaryotic cells, the separation of DNA and cytoplasm is made by the nuclear envelope and the presence of organelles (membrane-bond compartiments) in the cytoplasm have specialized metabolic and synthetic functions.

33
Q

In the evolution of eukaryotes, typically a cell digests and breaks down bacteria into what?

A

Into mitochondria or chloroplasts (both have a double plasma membrane).

34
Q

What is a protist?

A

An eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a land plant or a fungus (the vast majority of eukaryotes are protists).

35
Q

What are the majority of protists?

A

They are unicellular and form colonies.

36
Q

Protists can be classified in what two kingdoms?

A

Kingdom Protozoa and kingdom chromista.

37
Q

What distinguishes protists from bacteria and archaea?

A

They have a membrane-bound nucleus with multiple linear chromosomes.

38
Q

What do protists have in addition to normal eukaryotic cells?

A

They have microtubles and microfilaments which provide motility and cytosqueletal support.

39
Q

What are animals, plants and fungi’s ancestors?

A

Protists.

40
Q

What role do protists have in relation with their energy source and carbon source?

A

Chemoheterotrophs (chemical, organic compounds), they can either use phagocytosis or diffusion. Photoautotrophs ( light, CO2).

41
Q

What are the cell wall inside fungi cells made of?

A

They are made of chitin, a polysaccharide (beta).

42
Q

What are fungi ancestors?

A

They are aquatic, such as mycorrhiza.

43
Q

What role do fungi have in relation to their energy source , and carbon source?

A

They are heterotrophic (break down organic molecules synthesized by other organisms).

44
Q

What are the two types of heterotrophic fungi?

A

Sapotroph fungus obtain their carbon from non-living material (decompose organic matter) and symbiont fungus obtain their carbon from living organisms.

45
Q

What is the role of saprotroph fungus?

A

They release enzymes into its substrates which creates a competition with other organisms for available nutrients. Then they produce antibacterial compounds to prevent competitors.

46
Q

What are lichens (symbiont fungi)?

A

They are an association between a fungus and more photosynthetic organisms.

47
Q

What is an example of mutualistic symbioses in fungi?

A

Mychorriza as they are an association with plant roots (fungi gives minerals to plant).

48
Q

What type of organisms are animals?

A

They are eukaryotic and multicellular.

49
Q

What is different concerning the cell membrane of animals in comparison to those in fungi and plants?

A

They have no cell wall, all cell membranes are in contact with one another.

50
Q

What is the role of animals in regard to their energy source and carbon source?

A

They are chemoheterotroph as they depend on other organisms to live and as they sit at the top of food chains.

51
Q

How do animals store the energy excess?

A

They use oxygen to metabolize food and store energy as glycogen (polysaccharide), oil and fat.

52
Q

What is a characteristic all animals have at one point in their life?

A

They are motile.

53
Q

How do animals reproduce?

A

Some reproduce asexually, but all animal can reproduce sexually by producing haploid gametes that fuse to form a zygote.

54
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A unicellular cell that results from fertilization (usually diploid).

55
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

A cell or organism that carries one set of chromosomes.

56
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A normal diploid adult cell.

57
Q

What is the ancestor of animals?

A

A protist in which cells became specialized and 2 cell layers were developed.

58
Q

What do plants produce for photosynthesis?

A

They produce chlorophyll as a photosynthetic pigment.

59
Q

What do plants produce for photosynthesis?

A

They produce chlorophyll as a photosynthetic pigment.

60
Q

What are plants cell walls made of?

A

They are made of cellulose.

61
Q

What are some main characteristics of plants?

A

They are multicellular, sessile and store their extra glucose as starch.

62
Q

What is the alternation of generations life cycle in plants?

A

They have 2 multicellular stages in their life. One diploid that is called sporophyte and one haploid that is called gametophyte.

63
Q

What is the common ancestor to all land plants?

A

Green algae.

64
Q

What is the role of plants concerning their energy source and carbon source?

A

They are photoautotrophs and at the bottom of the food chain as they are primarily producers.

65
Q

What do photosynthetic bacteria, plant tissues and protists provide?

A

They provide the nutritional foundation for nearly all ecosystems.

Biology (7 decks)

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