Lesson 3: Cell Structure and Taxonomy Flashcards
Simple Cells
Prokaryotic
Complex Cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria, Archaea, Cyanobacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Algae, Fungi, Protozoa
Acellular Microorganisms- not true living cells
Prions, viruses
Cellular Microorganisms
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Cells
simple cells, do not contain true nucleus, DNA is not enclosed within membrane, genetic material loosely fills cell interior, lack membrane bound organelle, reproduce through binary fission, are simple but still live, reproduce, take in food, adapt to environment, and mutate
Prokaryotic cell structure: Chromosome
genetic material, nucleoid, DNA- controls cells activity
Prokaryotic cell structure: Cytoplasm
semi-liquid that contains substances required for metabolic function (water, enzymes, oxygen, protein, nutrients, etc.)
Prokaryotic cell structure: Cell Membrane
membrane enclosing cytoplasm, controls what substances enter or leave cell
Prokaryotic cell structure: Ribosomes
cytoplasmic particles that synthesize protein
Prokaryotic cell structure: Cell Wall
Rigid structure that protects cell and gives it shape
Prokaryotic cell structure: Glycocalyx
slimy material made by cell membrane that surrounds cell wall, enables bacteria to attach to mucous membrane surfaces, includes slime layer or capsule
Prokaryotic cell structure: Glycocalyx- Slime Layer
allows bacteria to slide along solid surfaces
Prokaryotic cell structure: Glycocalyx- Capsule
protects bacteria from phagocytosis
Prokaryotic cell structure: Pili (Fimbriae)
hairlike, allows bacteria to attach to surfaces or transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another
Prokaryotic cell structure: Flagella
threadlike, allows bacteria to move
Spores (Endospores)
thick protein structure, surrounds genetic material, resistant to heat, cold, drying, many chemicals, can be found in blood, respiratory secretions and bodily fluids. can survive in dried bodily fluids, on surfaces, can remain dormant for years
Sporicides
chemical disinfectant needed to kill sporicidal bacteria, require prolonged instrument soaking
Spores
can cause diseases if ingested, inhaled, or introduced to body via cuts, wounds, or burns, can cause issues in dead bodies such as tissue gas
Diseases or conditions caused by spore-forming bacteria
anthrax, botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, tissue gas, wound infections
Eukaryotic Cells
true nucleus, genetic material is encased in nuclear membrane, contain many organelles with their own specific structures, 10 times larger than prokaryotic cells, divide by mitosis and meiosis, contain cell membrane, nuclear membrane, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, centrioles, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of cells, all cells arise from preexisting cells
basic characteristics of life (cells)
cells obtain food to produce energy, have the ability to grow and reproduce, can respond to stimuli in its environment, can mutate and adapt to changes in its environment
characteristics of prokaryotic cells
divide by binary fission, have genetic material made of a chromosome of DNA, have complex cell wall structure containing peptidoglycan, are primitive cells but do not have a true nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
what structure functions in controlling a prokaryotic cells activities?
chromosome- which contains the genetic material (DNA) that controls the activities of the cell. Although a nucleus also controls the cells activities a nucleus is not found in a prokaryotic cell. It is found in a eukaryotic cell.
what is the function of prokaryotic pili?
allows the bacteria to attach to surfaces, and another type of pili allow transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another
what structure can protect the bacteria from phagocytosis?
capsules- this will allow the bacteria to survive longer
what structure helps the cell in motility?
flagella
what structure defines/gives shape to the bacteria?
cell wall- the cell wall is rigid and gives bacterium its shape, it is a complex structure containing peptidoglycan
what is the basic function of the cell wall of bacteria?
protection
what is the cytoplasm?
the semi-liquid structure that contains the material the cell requires for metabolic function, it contains nutrients, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, water, enzymes and everything else the cell needs to live.
what is the cell membrane?
a membrane that encloses the cytoplasm and controls substances that enter or exit the cell, it is considered selectively permeable.
what structure functions in protein synthesis?
ribosomes
what is referred to as the systematic classification of living organisms?
Taxonomy
True or False: the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex are found in eukaryotic cells, never prokaryotic cells?
True- the endoplasmic reticulum is a eukaryotic structure that functions in transporting nutrients to the nucleus and provides structural support for the cell. The golgi complex are also eukaryotic structures that function in secretory processes of the cell. Prokaryotic cells do not contain these two structures.
