Lesson 3(Attitude) Flashcards
What is attitude?
judgments or evaluative statements—either favourable or
unfavourable—about objects, people, or events.
What one the ABC’s of attitude?
Affective, cognitive and behavioral
What are the 2 dimension of attitude?
favourable, unfavourable
How does attitude affects behavior?
Your attitude predicts future behavior.
What is cognitive dissonance?
Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behaviour and attitudesatibility between two or more
Why do people feel discomfort when experiencing cognitive dissonance?
Because people seek stable consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior
Can be behavior alter attitude in cognitive dissonance?
Yes
How to minimize the discomfort caused by coginitive disonance?
(1) altering their attitudes or behaviour; or
¡ (2) developing a rationalisation for the discrepancy
What is organizational identification?
The extent to which employees define themselves by the same
characteristics that define their organisation
Why do people seek to identify with organization?
To bolster their self-esteem.
What are the four variation of identification?
- Identification
- Disidentification
- Ambivalent identification
- Neutral identification
What are the negative impact of over identification?
- Behaving unethically on behalf of the organisation
- continuing to be committed to a failing project, and
- suppressing dissent in group decision-making
What are the benefits of high organizational identification?
- Higher cooperation
- Higher effort
- Higher participation
- information sharing
- organisational citizenship behaviour
What is job satisfaction?
Positive attitude or emotional state resulting from
the appraisal of one’s job or job experience
What the 2 types of measurement of job satisfaction?
Overall satisfaction and facet satisfaction
What at the 3 ways to measure job satisfaction?
Faces scale, five item scale and Job Descriptive Index(JDI)
Which job satisfaction measure measures the facets of job satisfaction?
Job Descriptive Indicator
What are the outcomes of job satisfaction?
- Higher performance
- Higher Commitment
- Less counterproductive behavior
- fewer occupational injuries
- higher customer satisfaction
- higher profit
- higher general life satisfaction and feelings of well-being
How would employees respond to job dissatisfaction?
- Exit
- Voice
- Loyalty
- Neglect
Why are the 2 types of antecedents that explain job satisfaction?
- Individual differences
- Job circumstance
What are the individual differences antecendents of job satisfaction?
- Genetic predisposition
- Core self-evaluations
- Personality
What are the job circumstances antecendents of job satisfaction?
- Person-Environment fit
- Need, values and expectations
- fulfilment
- Equity in rewards
- Organisational justice
- Social influence
- Opportunity for growth
How to increase job satisfaction?
- Hire “Satisfied” Employees (e.g., realistic job preview, P-E fit candidate)
- Eliminate Dissatisfiers (e.g., avoid inequity, improve work conditions)
- Express appreciation and provide proper feedback
- Increase opportunities to socialise
- Increase humour
- Have surprises (e.g., let everyone leave an hour early)
- Assign the right tasks to the right people (e.g., improve P-J fit)
What is organisational commitment?
The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organisation and its goals, and wishes
to maintain membership in the organisation
What are the three types of organisational commitment?
Affective commitment
Continuance commitment
Normative commitment
What is employee engagement?
The degree to which a person feels invigorated , dedicated and absorbed in his or her work.
What are the 3 attitude related behavior?
Organizational citizenship behavior
Counterproductive work behavior
What are the 3 dimensions of employee engagement?
Vigor, dedication and absorption.
What are the 5 dimensions of citizenship behaviour?
Altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship and civic virtue.
What are the reasons for employee absenteeism?
No consequences for attending or missing work
Illness and personal problems
Individual differences
Unique events
Other factors:
Alternative job availability
Numerous opportunities → high absenteeism
Few alternatives → dissatisfied employees have the same (low)rate of absence as satisfied employees
Guilty feeling:
Employee who were more prone to feeling guilty
were less likely to be absent
What are the solution to absenteeism?
Rewards for attending
Financial incentives
Paid time off
Recognition programme
Discipline for not attempting to
Reducing employee stress
Reducing illness eg. Wellness programme
What one the effects of employee commitments?
What are the 3 dimensions of organization justice?
Distributive justice
Procedural justice
Interactional justice
What are the outcome of low job satisfaction and commitment?
1) turnover intentions
2)actual turnover
What are the visible cost of turnover?
Advertising charges
Agency fees
Referral bonuses
Staff time ＆benefits
*Processing applications
*Interviewing
What are the hidden cost of turnover?
Loss of productivity
Inefficiency
Overtime
Training cost
How to reduce turnover?
Match the market
Use job evaluation to ensure internal quality
Offer retention ／tenure bonuses(stay for pay)
