lesson 3

Question 1

what are the four main macromolecules?

Answer 1

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Question 2

when carbon reacts with oxygen it…

Answer 2

is still part of the carbon cycle

Question 3

what are the carbon structures (4)?

Answer 3

• carbon and carbon linkages
• branched chains
• linear chains
• high degree of variability in structure (cyclic)

Question 4

the four macromolecules…

Answer 4

make up everything in a cell

Question 5

the monomers are…

Answer 5

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 6

monomers are made up of…

Answer 6

polymers

Question 7

what is the molar ratio of carbohydrates?

Answer 7

1:2:1

Question 8

carbohydrates are also called…

Answer 8

glycans
- often end in “ose”
- if something else has a carbohydrate attached to it, refer to it as a “glyco…”

Question 9

monosaccharides are the…

Answer 9

monomer for carbohydrates
a classic example is that glucose = C6H12O6 (repeating unit?)

Question 10

two monosaccharides = ?

Answer 10

disaccharide

Question 11

what is the bond between monomers?

Answer 11

glycosidic bond

Question 12

oligosaccharides = ?

Answer 12

small chains that are always covalently attached to lipids or proteins (glycolipids or glycoproteins)

Question 13

polysaccharides = ?

Answer 13

hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together

Question 14

what is an example of a polysaccharide?

Answer 14

starch, glycogen, amylose, cellulose

Question 15

beta glucoses structure has the OH group facing which way

Answer 15

up bc beta is on top

Question 16

alpha glucoses structure has the OH group facing which way

Answer 16

down

Question 17

when two monosaccharides get hooked together what can happen between them

Answer 17

a condensation reaction, water is released

Question 18

what bond is between any type of carbohydrate monomers

Answer 18

glycosidic bonds

Question 19

glyco refers to any…

Answer 19

carbohydrate

Question 20

what makes lactose

Answer 20

glucose and galactose

Question 21

what makes sucrose

Answer 21

glucose and fructose

Question 22

sugars are stored as starch instead of glucose bc

Answer 22

glucose affects the osmolarity of the water bc it sucks up water, starch packs together well

Question 23

what is an example of storage in animals

Answer 23

glycogen - granules that store starch and is a branched molecule

Question 24

alpha 1-4 refers to…

Answer 24

bonds in main and side chain are alpha 1-4 bonds in starch or glycogen

Question 25

why are we not able to digest cellulose but we can digest other polysaccharides like amylose

Answer 25

bc we dont have an enzyme that can break beta down

Question 26

why can i not digest grasses or bark

Answer 26

same as before, we can digest alpha bonds but not beta bonds and we do not have that enzyme

Question 27

how do cows digest cellulose when they dont have the enzyme either

Answer 27

bc they have bacteria in their gut (termites) that break it down

Question 28

all lipids are...

Answer 28

hydrophobic = water hating

Question 29

what are the three types of lipids

Answer 29

fats (triglycerides) phospholipids steroids

Question 30

is water polar or nonpolar

Answer 30

polar!!!

Question 31

are hydrocarbon chains charged

Answer 31

no bc there is equal sharing of electrons

Question 32

do hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules mix

Answer 32

no

Question 33

hydrophilic means

Answer 33

water loving

Question 34

triglyceride =

Answer 34

1 glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

Question 35

what attaches a fatty acid to a glycerol backbone

Answer 35

condensation reaction

Question 36

what fat has double bonds in there hydrocarbon chain

Answer 36

unsaturated

Question 37

what does saturated fat mean

Answer 37

it means every carbon is saturated in hydrogens -- cannot hold anymore so no double bonds

Question 38

saturated fatty acids structure is like what

Answer 38

packed together very well

Question 39

unsaturated fatty acids structure is like what

Answer 39

they have a kink in it so they do not pack tightly

Question 40

saturated fats are what at room temp

Answer 40

solid ex butter

Question 41

unsaturated fats are what at room temp

Answer 41

liquids! ex. oils

Question 42

the structure of unsaturated trans fats is like what

Answer 42

there is no bend the c's are similar to a line in a structure

Question 43

unsaturated cis fats have..

Answer 43

a bend!

Question 44

what generally has cis unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 44

olive oil, fish

Question 45

hydrogenation does what

Answer 45

you add hydrogens in a chemical reaction and it will become saturated and can be solid at room temp

Question 46

how can hydrogenation on unsaturated fats go wrong

Answer 46

it can form a trans fat

Question 47

structure of a phospholipid

Answer 47

- polar head group - phosphate group - something attached to phosphate group - fatty acid chains - glycerol backbone

Question 48

phospholipids are found...

Answer 48

in cell membranes

Question 49

why are phospholipids where they are

Answer 49

amphipathic! a portion of the structure is hydrophobic and another portion that is hydrophilic - in the membrane one half can go to the water above and below the membrane and the nonpolar half can be safely inside and away from water

Question 50

why do phospholipids form a lipid bilayer

Answer 50

bc the two components are the leaflets on the top and on the bottom idk

Question 51

what is a double-membraned organelle

Answer 51

mitochondria

Question 52

what are the components of the double-membraned organelles

Answer 52

mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial intermembrane mitochondrial inner membrane - the membranes are bilayers

Question 53

what is the difference between a lipid bilayer and a double membrane

Answer 53

a double membrane is two lipid bilayers

Question 54

steroids are...

Answer 54

amphipathic - so they can interact with fatty acid tails and have their polar and nonpolar molecules in their respective environments