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IR finals > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Human rights are inherent to all human beings regardless of:
A) Race and nationality
B) Sex, language, and religion
C) Ethnicity or any other status
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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2
Q

Which of the following are considered fundamental human rights?
A) The right to life and liberty
B) Freedom from slavery and torture
C) Freedom of opinion and expression
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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3
Q

The 1993 World Conference on Human Rights stated that:
A) Human rights are optional and vary by country
B) All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated
C) Only political rights matter
D) None of the above

A

B. All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated

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4
Q

According to the principle of universality in human rights:
A) Human rights apply only to certain regions
B) Every individual is entitled to human rights without discrimination
C) Human rights depend on the individual’s social status
D) Both A and C

A

B. Every individual is entitled to human rights without discrimination

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5
Q

Which of the following rights are examples of human rights?
A) Right to work and education
B) Right to freedom of opinion and expression
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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6
Q

Human rights are considered interdependent because:
A) They function separately from one another
B) Each right contributes to and relies on the fulfillment of other rights
C) Only political rights matter
D) None of the above

A

B. Each right contributes to and relies on the fulfillment of other rights

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7
Q

The indivisibility of human rights implies that:
A) Certain rights can be ignored without consequences
B) All rights are of equal importance and cannot be separated
C) Only economic rights should be prioritized
D) None of the above

A

B. All rights are of equal importance and cannot be separated

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8
Q

The right to freedom from slavery and torture is an example of:
A) A civil and political right
B) An economic right
C) A privilege that can be denied
D) None of the above

A

A. A civil and political right

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9
Q

Which of the following best reflects the statement made at the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights?
A) “All human rights must be viewed independently.”
B) “All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated.”
C) “Human rights are context-specific and can be disregarded if needed.”
D) None of the above

A

B. “All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated.”

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10
Q

The principle of non-discrimination in human rights means:
A) Certain groups may be excluded from human rights protections
B) Every individual is entitled to human rights without bias or unequal treatment
C) Only citizens of a country have human rights
D) None of the above

A

B. Every individual is entitled to human rights without bias or unequal treatment

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11
Q

Freedom of opinion and expression as a human right entails:
A) The ability to freely express one’s views without fear of retribution
B) Complete suppression of dissenting voices
C) Limiting speech based on government regulations alone
D) None of the above

A

A. The ability to freely express one’s views without fear of retribution

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12
Q

Human rights include:
A) Economic, social, and cultural rights
B) Civil and political rights
C) Both A and B
D) Only political rights

A

C. Both A and B

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13
Q

The idea that human rights are interrelated suggests:
A) The fulfillment of one right affects and contributes to the realization of others
B) Each right is isolated and functions independently
C) Only basic rights matter
D) None of the above

A

A. The fulfillment of one right affects and contributes to the realization of others

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14
Q

Which of the following is an example of discrimination that violates human rights?
A) Denying education based on gender
B) Limiting freedom of speech for political reasons
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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15
Q

Human rights are considered universal because:
A) They apply only in democratic countries
B) Every human being is entitled to them without exception
C) They vary significantly between cultures and regions
D) None of the above

A

B. Every human being is entitled to them without exception

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16
Q

Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, is known for:
A) Conquering Babylon in 539 BC
B) Issuing the Cyrus Cylinder, considered the oldest known declaration of human rights
C) Establishing freedom for slaves and religious freedom in Babylon
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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17
Q

The Cyrus Cylinder is significant because it:
A) Contains the oldest known declaration of human rights
B) Was ignored by the ancient world
C) Solely focused on economic reforms
D) None of the above

A

A. Contains the oldest known declaration of human rights

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18
Q

Which organization recognized the Cyrus Cylinder as an “ancient declaration of human rights” in 1971?
A) The European Union
B) The United Nations (UN)
C) The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
D) The British Museum

A

B. The United Nations (UN)

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19
Q

Cyrus the Great’s reforms included:
A) Freeing Jewish slaves from Babylonian captivity
B) Promoting religious freedom and restoring temples
C) Improving the lives of conquered peoples
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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20
Q

The idea of human rights initiated by Cyrus the Great spread to:
A) Greece, India, and Rome
B) Only Rome
C) China and Japan
D) None of the above

A

A. Greece, India, and Rome

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21
Q

Roman ‘Natural Law’ was characterized by:
A) Principles that people follow without being commanded
B) Abuse of power by despotic rulers
C) Both A and B
D) Only religious laws

A

C. Both A and B

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22
Q

The Magna Carta, issued by King John of England in 1215, is known as:
A) The Great Charter
B) A symbol of liberty, democracy, and human rights
C) Both A and B
D) A document on economic regulation

A

C. Both A and B

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23
Q

Which of the following documents was inspired by the Magna Carta?
A) The British Bill of Rights (1689)
B) The US Declaration of Independence (1776)
C) The French Revolution’s ideals of “Liberté, égalité, fraternité”
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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24
Q

Roman Natural Law concepts transformed into which French ideals?
A) Natural Rights
B) Absolute monarchy
C) Economic regulation
D) None of the above

A

A. Natural Rights

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25
Q

The Preamble of the UN Charter reaffirms faith in:
A) Economic equality
B) Fundamental human rights, dignity, and equal rights of men and women
C) The elimination of all states
D) None of the above

A

B. Fundamental human rights, dignity, and equal rights of men and women

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26
Q

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on December 10, 1948, states in Article 1 that:
A) Human rights are context-specific
B) All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
C) Only men are entitled to certain rights
D) None of the above

A

B. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights

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27
Q

Which of the following documents is considered a symbol of liberty, democracy, and human rights?
A) The Magna Carta
B) The US Constitution
C) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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28
Q

Cyrus the Great’s reforms emphasized:
A) Economic restrictions on conquered peoples
B) Freedom of religion and protection for marginalized groups
C) Exclusive rights for the ruling elite
D) None of the above

A

B. Freedom of religion and protection for marginalized groups

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29
Q

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is significant because it:
A) Applies exclusively to specific countries
B) Established a universal standard of human rights for all people
C) Focuses only on economic rights
D) Both B and C

A

B. Established a universal standard of human rights for all people

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30
Q

The phrase “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” is found in:
A) The Magna Carta
B) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1
C) The Cyrus Cylinder
D) None of the above

A

B. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

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31
Q

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
A) 1776
B) 1948
C) 1989
D) 1215

A

B. 1948

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32
Q

Which phrase is included in the Preamble of the UN Charter?
A) “Promote economic superiority over others”
B) “Reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small”
C) “Establish absolute sovereignty for all member states”
D) “Ensure military dominance over weaker states”

A

B. “Reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small”

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33
Q

Who issued the Magna Carta?
A) King Henry VIII
B) King John of England
C) Queen Elizabeth I
D) None of the above

A

B. King John of England

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34
Q

When was the Magna Carta issued?
A) 1547
B) 1215
C) 1603
D) None of the above

A

B. 1215

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35
Q

Approximately how many people die each year from hunger and hunger-related diseases?
A) 5 million
B) 9 million
C) 12 million
D) None of the above

A

B. 9 million

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36
Q

Examples of severe human rights violations include:
A) Genocide and torture
B) Persecution of minorities based on race or religion
C) Human trafficking and exploitation of child labor by multinational corporations (MNCs)
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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37
Q

Which of the following groups are often targeted for human rights abuses like the sex trade, slavery, and forced labor?
A) Only men
B) Women and children
C) Elderly people exclusively
D) None of the above

A

B. Women and children

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38
Q

The practice of “trokosi” in Ghana, Togo, and Benin involves:
A) Religious freedom
B) Enslavement of women and girls as “slaves of God”
C) Economic empowerment for women
D) None of the above

A

B. Enslavement of women and girls as “slaves of God”

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39
Q

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) affects approximately how many people globally?
A) 100 million
B) 200 million in 30 countries
C) 50 million exclusively in Europe
D) None of the above

A

B. 200 million in 30 countries

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40
Q

Nazi Germany’s atrocities during WWII included:
A) Systematic genocide, mass murder, and torture
B) Experiments on humans, rape, and use of gas chambers
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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41
Q

The Jewish genocide during WWII by Nazi Germany resulted in:
A) 1 million deaths
B) 3 million deaths
C) 6 million deaths
D) None of the above

A

C. 6 million deaths

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42
Q

The concept of “Cultural Relativism” can sometimes be used to:
A) Justify or explain harmful practices within cultural contexts
B) Promote universal human rights
C) Eliminate discrimination entirely
D) None of the above

A

A. Justify or explain harmful practices within cultural contexts

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43
Q

FDR’s 1941 State of the Union Address introduced the “Four Freedoms,” which include:
A) Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Worship
B) Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear
C) Both A and B
D) Only economic freedoms

A

C. Both A and B

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44
Q

Which of the following best reflects FDR’s “Four Freedoms” that people everywhere in the world ought to enjoy?
A) Economic dominance, military strength, speech control, and religious hierarchy
B) Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear
C) Freedom to dominate others economically
D) None of the above

A

B. Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear

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45
Q

Human rights violations such as enforced disappearance and involuntary detention target:
A) Minorities exclusively
B) Refugees only
C) Individuals across different groups, often politically motivated
D) None of the above

A

C. Individuals across different groups, often politically motivated

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46
Q

Refugees are often vulnerable to:
A) Human trafficking
B) Persecution based on ethnicity or religion
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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47
Q

Exploitation of cheap child labor by multinational corporations is a human rights violation that primarily affects:
A) Adults
B) Young children in vulnerable regions
C) Only citizens of developed countries
D) None of the above

A

B. Young children in vulnerable regions

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48
Q

The concept of “Freedom from Want,” as articulated by FDR, refers to:
A) Economic inequality
B) Ensuring basic needs and security for all people
C) The right to engage in armed conflict
D) None of the above

A

B. Ensuring basic needs and security for all people

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49
Q

“Freedom from Fear,” as described by FDR, emphasizes:
A) Living without threats of violence or oppression
B) Economic security for businesses
C) Limiting speech rights for national security
D) None of the above

A

A. Living without threats of violence or oppression

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50
Q

Which of the following is one of the “Four Freedoms” mentioned by FDR in his 1941 State of the Union Address?
A) Freedom of Speech
B) Freedom of Worship
C) Freedom from Want
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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51
Q

Which of the following is not one of FDR’s “Four Freedoms”?
A) Freedom from Fear
B) Freedom to Conquer
C) Freedom of Worship
D) Freedom of Speech

A

B. Freedom to Conquer

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52
Q

Which of these freedoms was part of FDR’s “Four Freedoms”?
A) Freedom to Bear Arms
B) Freedom from Fear
C) Freedom of Speech
D) Both B and C

A

D. Both B and C

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53
Q

According to FDR’s “Four Freedoms,” which freedom ensures individuals have the right to express themselves without repression?
A) Freedom from Want
B) Freedom of Speech
C) Freedom from Fear
D) None of the above

A

B. Freedom of Speech

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54
Q

FDR’s “Four Freedoms” do not include which of the following?
A) Freedom of Worship
B) Freedom from Fear
C) Freedom to Accumulate Wealth Unrestricted
D) Freedom from Want

A

C. Freedom to Accumulate Wealth Unrestricted

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55
Q

The freedom that focuses on ensuring basic economic security and needs for all individuals in FDR’s “Four Freedoms” is called:
A) Freedom from Want
B) Freedom from Fear
C) Freedom of Worship
D) Freedom to Accumulate Wealth

A

A. Freedom from Want

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56
Q

Freedom from Fear, as articulated by FDR, aims to:
A) Ensure individuals live without the threat of violence or oppression
B) Promote economic competition
C) Limit public expression
D) None of the above

A

A. Ensure individuals live without the threat of violence or oppression

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57
Q

Which of these freedoms is not part of the “Four Freedoms”?
A) Freedom of Speech
B) Freedom of Worship
C) Freedom of the Press
D) Freedom from Want

A

C. Freedom of the Press

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58
Q

The “Four Freedoms” were intended to ensure:
A) Equality in military strength among nations
B) Fundamental human rights and security worldwide
C) Economic domination by major powers
D) None of the above

A

B. Fundamental human rights and security worldwide

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59
Q

Which of the following freedoms emphasizes the right to practice one’s religion without interference?
A) Freedom of Worship
B) Freedom from Want
C) Freedom from Fear
D) None of the above

A

A. Freedom of Worship

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60
Q

Which of the following are considered among the worst crimes in international law?
A) Crimes against Humanity
B) Genocide
C) War Crimes
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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61
Q

Genocide is defined as:
A) Any conflict involving two or more states
B) The intentional destruction of a particular group based on nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion
C) A simple dispute over resources
D) None of the above

A

B. The intentional destruction of a particular group based on nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion

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62
Q

Crimes against Humanity typically involve:
A) Widespread or systematic attacks directed against civilian populations
B) Regular civil disputes
C) Isolated incidents of minor offenses
D) None of the above

A

A. Widespread or systematic attacks directed against civilian populations

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63
Q

War Crimes are characterized by violations of:
A) Domestic traffic laws
B) The rules of war and armed conflict, such as targeting civilians and mistreatment of prisoners
C) Trade agreements
D) Both A and C

A

B. The rules of war and armed conflict, such as targeting civilians and mistreatment of prisoners

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64
Q

Ethnic cleansing refers to:
A) Cultural exchange programs
B) The deliberate removal of an ethnic or religious group from a certain area by force or violence
C) Encouraging diversity in multicultural regions
D) None of the above

A

B. The deliberate removal of an ethnic or religious group from a certain area by force or violence

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65
Q

The international community’s aversion to these crimes has resulted in:
A) Universal acceptance of all criminal acts
B) Accountability mechanisms and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
C) No response or action
D) Both A and C

A

B. Accountability mechanisms and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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66
Q

Which of the following is an example of a mechanism used to hold perpetrators accountable for international crimes?
A) The International Criminal Court (ICC)
B) Economic trade agreements
C) Local traffic fines
D) None of the above

A

A. The International Criminal Court (ICC)

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67
Q

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created to:
A) Support accountability for human rights violations and promote universal human rights
B) Oversee trade disputes
C) Focus solely on economic policies
D) Both B and C

A

A. Support accountability for human rights violations and promote universal human rights

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68
Q

War Crimes can include which of the following?
A) Targeting civilians during conflict
B) Mistreating prisoners of war
C) Use of banned weapons in conflict
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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69
Q

Which crime involves deliberate acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group?
A) Genocide
B) War Crimes
C) Ethnic Cleansing
D) Crimes against Humanity

A

A. Genocide

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70
Q

The international response to major human rights violations aims to:
A) Ensure impunity for perpetrators
B) Establish mechanisms for accountability and justice
C) Ignore violations to maintain neutrality
D) None of the above

A

B. Establish mechanisms for accountability and justice

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71
Q

Crimes against Humanity differ from War Crimes in that they:
A) Only occur in wartime
B) Target civilian populations in both war and peacetime
C) Focus solely on military personnel
D) Are not recognized in international law

A

B. Target civilian populations in both war and peacetime

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72
Q

Ethnic cleansing, unlike genocide, may focus on:
A) Relocating a population forcibly rather than total destruction
B) Building diplomatic relationships
C) Encouraging peaceful negotiations
D) None of the above

A

A. Relocating a population forcibly rather than total destruction

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73
Q

The term “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” refers to:
A) A legally binding international treaty
B) A foundational human rights document adopted by the UN to promote dignity and equality for all
C) A trade agreement between European nations
D) None of the above

A

B. A foundational human rights document adopted by the UN to promote dignity and equality for all

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74
Q

Accountability for crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity is pursued through:
A) Trade sanctions
B) International courts and tribunals
C) Local traffic courts
D) None of the above

A

B. International courts and tribunals

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75
Q

The Nuremberg Trials were held to try:
A) Allied war criminals
B) Nazi war criminals after World War II
C) Political leaders from the United Nations
D) None of the above

A

B. Nazi war criminals after World War II

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4
5
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76
Q

How many Nazi war criminals were tried at the Nuremberg Trials?
A) 12
B) 23
C) 60
D) None of the above

A

B. 23

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77
Q

Outcomes of the Nuremberg Trials included:
A) 13 executions
B) 3 life imprisonment sentences
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

78
Q

Which high-ranking Nazi officials committed suicide before they could be tried?
A) Adolf Hitler
B) Heinrich Himmler
C) Joseph Goebbels
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

79
Q

The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal is also known as:
A) The International Court of Justice
B) The International Military Tribunal for the Far East
C) The European Military Tribunal
D) None of the above

A

B. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East

80
Q

How many suspects were prosecuted at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal?
A) 28
B) 60
C) 13
D) None of the above

A

A. 28

81
Q

Outcomes for the leaders prosecuted at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal included:
A) 7 leaders, including Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, were executed
B) 16 life sentences were handed out
C) Both A and B
D) Only fines and imprisonment

A

C. Both A and B

82
Q

Who among the following was executed following the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal?
A) Emperor Hirohito
B) Prime Minister Hideki Tojo
C) Heinrich Himmler
D) None of the above

A

B. Prime Minister Hideki Tojo

83
Q

The Nuremberg Trials set a precedent for:
A) Trying individuals for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
B) Ignoring international laws
C) Establishing economic sanctions exclusively
D) None of the above

A

A. Trying individuals for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

84
Q

The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal primarily targeted:
A) Nazi leaders in Germany
B) Japanese military and political leaders for their wartime actions
C) American soldiers accused of misconduct
D) None of the above

A

B. Japanese military and political leaders for their wartime actions

85
Q

Which tribunal prosecuted 60 suspects but only tried 28?
A) Nuremberg Trials
B) Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
C) The Geneva Trials
D) None of the above

A

B. Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal

86
Q

The primary focus of the Nuremberg Trials was on crimes committed by:
A) Axis leaders in Europe during WWII
B) Leaders from the Allied nations
C) Civilian crimes committed in occupied territories
D) None of the above

A

A. Axis leaders in Europe during WWII

87
Q

How many of the prosecuted leaders at the Tokyo Tribunal received life sentences?
A) 10
B) 16
C) 28
D) None of the above

A

B. 16

88
Q

Which of the following leaders committed suicide and was not tried in the Nuremberg Trials?
A) Adolf Hitler
B) Joseph Goebbels
C) Heinrich Himmler
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

89
Q

The outcomes of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials reflected a broader commitment to:
A) Holding individuals accountable for war crimes and crimes against humanity
B) Granting immunity to high-ranking officials
C) Avoiding any international scrutiny
D) None of the above

A

A. Holding individuals accountable for war crimes and crimes against humanity

90
Q

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted?
A) 1776
B) 1948
C) 1965
D) 1989

A

B. 1948

91
Q

Where was the UDHR adopted?
A) New York, USA
B) Palais de Chaillot, Paris
C) Geneva, Switzerland
D) London, United Kingdom

A

B. Palais de Chaillot, Paris

92
Q

Which resolution number is associated with the adoption of the UDHR?
A) GA resolution 1776 A (III)
B) GA resolution 217 A (III)
C) GA resolution 501 A (III)
D) None of the above

A

B. GA resolution 217 A (III)

93
Q

Article 1 of the UDHR states:
A) “All individuals are subject to the authority of their government.”
B) “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”
C) “Economic rights supersede all other rights.”
D) None of the above

A

B. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

94
Q

The UDHR was drafted by a special committee chaired by:
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt
B) Eleanor Roosevelt
C) Winston Churchill
D) Mahatma Gandhi

A

B. Eleanor Roosevelt

95
Q

The UDHR is:
A) Legally binding in all UN member states
B) Not legally binding but its principles align with those in the UN Charter
C) Only applicable to European nations
D) A regional treaty specific to Asia

A

B. Not legally binding but its principles align with those in the UN Charter

96
Q

What does the UDHR aim to set out for the first time?
A) Economic treaties for trade
B) Fundamental human rights to be universally protected by the rule of law
C) Regional laws on taxation
D) Cultural practices unique to each nation

A

B. Fundamental human rights to be universally protected by the rule of law

97
Q

The UDHR has been translated into how many languages?
A) 50 languages
B) 100 languages
C) Over 501 languages
D) Only 10 languages

A

C. Over 501 languages

98
Q

Which of the following best describes the significance of the UDHR?
A) It was the first legal treaty among European nations
B) It set out fundamental human rights principles to guide international law
C) It is a binding international treaty
D) None of the above

A

B. It set out fundamental human rights principles to guide international law

99
Q

The adoption of the UDHR was primarily aimed at:
A) Promoting economic trade relations
B) Establishing universal human rights principles
C) Creating regional alliances
D) Limiting freedom of speech

A

B. Establishing universal human rights principles

100
Q

Which organization established the UDHR Drafting Committee?
A) The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
B) The United Nations Human Rights Commission
C) The World Bank
D) None of the above

A

B. The United Nations Human Rights Commission

101
Q

The UDHR’s principles are reflected in which document?
A) The Geneva Convention
B) The UN Charter
C) The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights
D) None of the above

A

B. The UN Charter

102
Q

The primary purpose of the UDHR is to:
A) Establish binding laws for all member states
B) Set global standards for fundamental human rights and inspire laws and treaties
C) Focus on economic growth
D) Promote regional military alliances

A

B. Set global standards for fundamental human rights and inspire laws and treaties

103
Q

The UDHR emphasizes that:
A) Human rights apply only to citizens of certain countries
B) All human beings are equal in dignity and rights
C) Only economic rights matter
D) None of the above

A

B. All human beings are equal in dignity and rights

104
Q

Eleanor Roosevelt’s role in the UDHR involved:
A) Drafting a new legal code for the United States
B) Chairing the special UDHR Drafting Committee established by the UNHR Commission
C) Serving as a military leader
D) Both A and C

A

B. Chairing the special UDHR Drafting Committee established by the UNHR Commission

105
Q

When were the International Covenants on Human Rights adopted by the UN?
A) 1948
B) 1966
C) 1976
D) 1994

A

B) 1966

106
Q

The International Bill of Human Rights consists of which documents?
A) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
B) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
C) International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

107
Q

When did the International Covenants on Human Rights come into force?
A) September 1976
B) December 1966
C) January 1990
D) None of the above

A

A) September 1976

108
Q

The ICESCR primarily commits parties to:
A) Respect civil and political rights
B) Grant economic, social, and cultural rights, including labor rights, health, and education
C) Promote military cooperation
D) None of the above

A

B) Grant economic, social, and cultural rights, including labor rights, health, and education

109
Q

Which of the following rights are covered by the ICCPR?
A) Right to life and freedom of religion
B) Freedom of speech and assembly
C) Electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

110
Q

The ICESCR focuses on granting rights to:
A) Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories
B) Military personnel only
C) Wealthy nations exclusively
D) None of the above

A

A) Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories

111
Q

UN Security Council Resolution 827 (1993) led to the establishment of:
A) The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
B) The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
C) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
D) None of the above

A

B) The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

112
Q

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was established by which UNSC resolution?
A) Resolution 827
B) Resolution 955
C) Resolution 1234
D) None of the above

A

B) Resolution 955

113
Q

In 2003, the UN and the Cambodian government set up the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia to prosecute:
A) Nazi war criminals
B) Khmer Rouge culprits
C) Leaders of the Yugoslavian conflict
D) None of the above

A

B) Khmer Rouge culprits

114
Q

The concept of a ‘Hybrid Court’ was introduced in:
A) The Nuremberg Trials
B) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
C) The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
D) None of the above

A

B) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

115
Q

Which of the following rights are explicitly covered under the ICCPR?
A) Economic and labor rights
B) Civil and political rights such as freedom of speech and a fair trial
C) Cultural and educational rights
D) None of the above

A

B) Civil and political rights such as freedom of speech and a fair trial

116
Q

The ICESCR covers rights such as:
A) Right to health and education
B) Right to an adequate standard of living
C) Labor rights
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

117
Q

What has been done regarding human rights violations in North Korea according to the provided information?
A) Multiple UN resolutions have been enforced
B) Nothing significant has been done
C) A hybrid court was established
D) Economic sanctions only

A

B) Nothing significant has been done

118
Q

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) aims to:
A) Grant economic and social benefits exclusively
B) Ensure civil liberties and political freedoms for individuals
C) Promote economic development among non-member states
D) None of the above

A

B) Ensure civil liberties and political freedoms for individuals

119
Q

The International Bill of Human Rights includes all of the following except:
A) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
B) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
C) The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
D) International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

A

C) The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

120
Q

The Human Rights Council was established by the UN General Assembly on:
A) 15 March 2006
B) 10 December 1948
C) 1 January 2000
D) None of the above

A

A) 15 March 2006

121
Q

The Human Rights Council replaced which previous UN body?
A) UN Human Rights Commission
B) UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
C) UN Security Council
D) None of the above

A

A) UN Human Rights Commission

122
Q

How many state representatives make up the Human Rights Council?
A) 60
B) 47
C) 30
D) 193

A

B) 47

123
Q

The Human Rights Council’s main task is to:
A) Promote and protect human rights globally
B) Handle trade negotiations
C) Oversee only civil rights in select regions
D) Focus on military strategy

A

A) Promote and protect human rights globally

124
Q

What is the purpose of the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Human Rights Council?
A) Review trade policies among member states
B) Review the human rights records of all 193 UN member states every four years
C) Conduct military inspections
D) None of the above

A

B) Review the human rights records of all 193 UN member states every four years

125
Q

The Universal Periodic Review is designed to:
A) Apply selective scrutiny based on regional interests
B) Ensure universality and equality of treatment for every country
C) Focus only on economic development
D) None of the above

A

B) Ensure universality and equality of treatment for every country

126
Q

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) has the primary mandate to:
A) Respond to serious human rights violations and take preventive action
B) Oversee military tribunals
C) Promote economic policies for member states
D) Both B and C

A

A) Respond to serious human rights violations and take preventive action

127
Q

The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) serves as:
A) The focal point for United Nations human rights activities
B) The secretariat for the Human Rights Council and treaty bodies
C) A coordinator for human rights field activities
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

128
Q

Which of the following is a function of the Human Rights Council?
A) Make recommendations on situations of human rights violations
B) Conduct periodic reviews of economic policy
C) Focus exclusively on cultural rights
D) None of the above

A

A) Make recommendations on situations of human rights violations

129
Q

The OHCHR works as the secretariat for:
A) The UN General Assembly exclusively
B) The Human Rights Council, treaty bodies, and other human rights organs
C) Only regional human rights committees
D) None of the above

A

B) The Human Rights Council, treaty bodies, and other human rights organs

130
Q

The High Commissioner for Human Rights is responsible for:
A) Monitoring and ensuring compliance with human rights treaties
B) Organizing international trade agreements
C) Conducting military campaigns
D) None of the above

A

A) Monitoring and ensuring compliance with human rights treaties

131
Q

The Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review mechanism applies to:
A) Selected member states only
B) All 193 UN member states
C) Only non-member states
D) None of the above

A

B) All 193 UN member states

132
Q

What is the primary focus of the OHCHR in terms of human rights activities?
A) Military strategy
B) Coordination and implementation of human rights activities within the UN framework
C) Economic sanctions
D) Both B and C

A

B) Coordination and implementation of human rights activities within the UN framework

133
Q

The High Commissioner for Human Rights is mandated to:
A) Respond to serious human rights violations
B) Undertake preventive action against human rights abuses
C) Both A and B
D) Only focus on domestic laws

A

C) Both A and B

134
Q

Which of the following describes a key aspect of the Human Rights Council’s work?
A) Ensuring military dominance
B) Promoting and protecting human rights through recommendations and reviews
C) Ignoring regional issues
D) None of the above

A

B) Promoting and protecting human rights through recommendations and reviews

135
Q

Who described North Korea as ‘an evil, evil place’ and called it ‘one of the most closed and cruel places on earth’?
A) Former COI Chair Michael Kirby
B) US Secretary of State John Kerry
C) Former President George W. Bush
D) None of the above

A

B) US Secretary of State John Kerry

136
Q

Who concluded that North Korea’s atrocities are ‘strikingly similar’ to those committed by the Nazis during World War II?
A) US Secretary of State John Kerry
B) Former COI Chair Michael Kirby
C) UN Secretary-General
D) Both A and C

A

B) Former COI Chair Michael Kirby

137
Q

Since 2006, over 72% of North Korean defectors in South Korea have been:
A) Men
B) Women
C) Children
D) Elderly citizens

A

B) Women

138
Q

Which of the following is NOT listed as a human rights violation in North Korea?
A) Persecution of Christians with a 22% survival rate
B) Abduction of foreign nationals
C) Complete religious freedom
D) Child labor and exposure to nuclear radiation

A

C) Complete religious freedom

139
Q

The issue of family reunions in North Korea involves:
A) Only a few thousand applicants
B) 55% of 130,000 applicants being deceased
C) No restrictions on meetings
D) None of the above

A

B) 55% of 130,000 applicants being deceased

140
Q

Which international body established the Commission of Inquiry on North Korean human rights, with a report published in 2014?
A) United States Congress
B) European Union Parliament
C) United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)
D) South Korean National Assembly

A

C) United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

141
Q

The UN Field Structure for North Korean Human Rights was established in:
A) Seoul, in June 2015
B) Tokyo, in 2007
C) New York, in 2010
D) None of the above

A

A) Seoul, in June 2015

142
Q

The North Korean Human Rights Act was adopted by the United States in:
A) June 2006
B) October 2004
C) July 2007
D) December 2015

A

B) October 2004

143
Q

The Japanese Parliament passed its North Korean Human Rights Act in:
A) 2004
B) 2006
C) 2007
D) 2010

A

B) 2006

144
Q

The persecution of Christians in North Korea is highlighted by a survival rate of:
A) 50%
B) 22%
C) 10%
D) None of the above

A

B) 22%

145
Q

Which of the following is an international response to North Korea’s human rights violations?
A) The UNGA adopting a North Korean Human Rights Resolution in 2005
B) The European Parliament passing a North Korean Human Rights Resolution in 2007
C) The establishment of a Special Rapporteur for North Korean Human Rights in 2004
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

146
Q

The abduction of foreign nationals by North Korea is:
A) A resolved issue with no ongoing impact
B) Part of the documented human rights violations committed by North Korea
C) Only a minor concern
D) None of the above

A

B) Part of the documented human rights violations committed by North Korea

147
Q

Torture, forced abortion, and rampant sexual violence are examples of:
A) Acts committed by North Korea against its citizens and others
B) Legal practices endorsed by North Korean courts
C) Limited to historical cases with no modern relevance
D) None of the above

A

A) Acts committed by North Korea against its citizens and others

148
Q

The 2013 Commission of Inquiry on North Korean human rights issued a report in:
A) 2014
B) 2015
C) 2016
D) 2010

A

A) 2014

149
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the documented North Korean human rights violations?
A) Returning Korean War POWs
B) Abduction and detention of foreign nationals
C) Encouraging open religious practices
D) Torture and child labor

A

C) Encouraging open religious practices

150
Q

What does COI stand for in the context of the UNHRC?
A) Committee of Investigation
B) Commission of Inquiry
C) Council of International Relations
D) None of the above

A

B) Commission of Inquiry

151
Q

The UNHRC established the COI on North Korea in:
A) March 2013
B) January 2012
C) June 2014
D) December 2015

A

A) March 2013

152
Q

Who served as the Chair of the COI on North Korea?
A) Marzuki Darusman
B) Sonja Biserko
C) Michael Kirby, former Australian justice
D) Ban Ki-moon

A

C) Michael Kirby, former Australian justice

153
Q

The COI’s report on North Korean human rights was issued on:
A) January 20, 2014
B) March 17, 2014
C) September 28, 2013
D) June 2015

A

B) March 17, 2014

154
Q

Key findings of the COI report highlighted:
A) Crimes against humanity persisting over seven decades and through three generations of the Kim family
B) Minor human rights violations in specific regions
C) No serious violations of international law
D) None of the above

A

A) Crimes against humanity persisting over seven decades and through three generations of the Kim family

155
Q

Why are North Korea’s human rights violations described as unique in the COI findings?
A) They occurred during periods of civil war and strife
B) They include overseas kidnapping and occur without civil war or strife
C) They are primarily economic in nature
D) None of the above

A

B) They include overseas kidnapping and occur without civil war or strife

156
Q

Which of the following international responses was taken regarding North Korean human rights violations?
A) Canada declared September 28, 2013, as ‘North Korean Human Rights Day’
B) Botswana severed diplomatic relations with North Korea
C) The US passed the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act in 2016
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

157
Q

In January 2014, Michael Kirby sent a letter to Kim Jong Un warning him of:
A) Economic sanctions
B) Diplomatic isolation
C) Accountability for crimes against humanity
D) Humanitarian aid offers

A

C) Accountability for crimes against humanity

158
Q

The US H.R.757 - North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act was signed by President Obama in:
A) 2014
B) February 2016
C) March 2013
D) June 2017

A

B) February 2016

159
Q

North Korea’s ‘Charm Offensive’ involved:
A) Increasing military activities
B) Diplomatic appeals and the release of detained Americans like Kenneth Bae and Matthew Todd Miller
C) Severing diplomatic relations with Western nations
D) None of the above

A

B) Diplomatic appeals and the release of detained Americans like Kenneth Bae and Matthew Todd Miller

160
Q

North Korea ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child after how many years of neglect?
A) 10 years
B) 15 years
C) 24 years
D) 5 years

A

C) 24 years

161
Q

The UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was invited to North Korea in:
A) May 2017
B) June 2016
C) December 2014
D) March 2013

A

A) May 2017

162
Q

The COI’s comprehensive investigation into North Korea led to:
A) Increased diplomatic relations
B) A report in 2014 detailing human rights atrocities
C) No change in international awareness
D) Only economic sanctions without other actions

A

B) A report in 2014 detailing human rights atrocities

163
Q

The international law response to North Korea’s human rights abuses included:
A) A relay of conferences, symposiums, and worldwide events
B) No international involvement
C) Support for North Korean actions
D) Both B and C

A

A) A relay of conferences, symposiums, and worldwide events

164
Q

Which country severed diplomatic relations with North Korea as part of its response to human rights violations?
A) Canada
B) Japan
C) Botswana
D) South Korea

A

C) Botswana

165
Q

The South Korean government justified the deportation on the grounds that:
A) The defectors were serious criminals, believed to have murdered 16 crew members
B) They posed a threat to the safety of South Koreans
C) Criminals are not recognized as refugees under international refugee law
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

166
Q

The South Korean government’s decision counters which of the following laws and principles?
A) South Korean Constitution
B) North Korean Refugees Protection and Settlement Support Act
C) Past Supreme Court decisions
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

167
Q

Article 3 of the South Korean Constitution stipulates that:
A) South Korea only includes the southern region of the Korean peninsula
B) The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands
C) North Korea is a separate sovereign nation
D) None of the above

A

B. The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands

168
Q

According to past South Korean Supreme Court decisions, North Korean citizens and defectors are recognized as:
A) Foreign nationals
B) South Korean citizens
C) Stateless individuals
D) None of the above

A

B. South Korean citizens

169
Q

The North Korean Refugees Protection and Settlement Support Act’s Article 1 states that:
A) North Korean residents escaping from the North are automatically deported
B) It aims to provide protection and support to help North Korean residents adapt and settle in South Korea
C) South Korea is not responsible for North Korean defectors
D) None of the above

A

B. It aims to provide protection and support to help North Korean residents adapt and settle in South Korea

170
Q

Article 2 of the North Korean Refugees Protection and Settlement Support Act defines North Korean refugees as individuals who:
A) Have acquired a foreign nationality
B) Have their residence, lineal ascendants, descendants, spouses, or workplaces in North Korea
C) Do not wish to enter South Korea
D) Only reside in the DMZ

A

B. Have their residence, lineal ascendants, descendants, spouses, or workplaces in North Korea

171
Q

The deportation decision by the South Korean government was viewed by critics as:
A) A justified measure for national security
B) An act of ‘crime against humanity’
C) A routine legal procedure
D) Both A and C

A

B. An act of ‘crime against humanity’

172
Q

One argument made against recognizing the deportees as refugees was that:
A) Criminals cannot be considered refugees under international refugee law
B) All North Koreans must be immediately deported
C) No one can be granted refugee status from North Korea
D) None of the above

A

A. Criminals cannot be considered refugees under international refugee law

173
Q

The purpose of the North Korean Refugees Protection and Settlement Support Act is to:
A) Deport North Korean defectors back to the DPRK
B) Provide for protection and support necessary for North Korean residents escaping the North to adapt and settle in South Korea
C) Restrict the movement of defectors within South Korea
D) Both A and C

A

B. Provide for protection and support necessary for North Korean residents escaping the North to adapt and settle in South Korea

174
Q

Critics argue that the deportation violated the South Korean Constitution because:
A) It recognized all North Koreans as South Korean citizens under constitutional law
B) It allowed foreign intervention in South Korea’s legal system
C) It promoted the unification of the Korean peninsula
D) None of the above

A

A. It recognized all North Koreans as South Korean citizens under constitutional law

175
Q

The South Korean government’s reasoning for deporting the two North Koreans primarily focused on:
A) Upholding refugee protections
B) Ensuring public safety and denying rights to serious criminals
C) Strengthening diplomatic ties with North Korea
D) Both A and C

A

B. Ensuring public safety and denying rights to serious criminals

176
Q

The deportation case raised international concerns due to:
A) Potential violations of human rights and legal principles
B) Economic issues with North Korea
C) The increased threat of nuclear warfare
D) None of the above

A

A. Potential violations of human rights and legal principles

177
Q

One of the challenges in generating attention to human rights atrocities, as mentioned, is:
A) Overwhelming public interest
B) Lack of visual images compared to other atrocities
C) Excessive celebrity involvement
D) None of the above

A

B) Lack of visual images compared to other atrocities

178
Q

A key element of the proposed global campaign agenda is to:
A) Benchmark the anti-apartheid movement
B) Focus solely on economic sanctions
C) Avoid international cooperation
D) Promote increased isolation without engagement

A

A) Benchmark the anti-apartheid movement

179
Q

The use of sports and cultural boycotts is intended to:
A) Boost a country’s international standing
B) Pressure governments to change human rights policies
C) Support local sporting events
D) None of the above

A

B) Pressure governments to change human rights policies

180
Q

The UNGA’s action in 1974 regarding South Africa’s credentials was aimed at:
A) Recognizing South Africa’s leadership role
B) Disapproving and suspending South Africa’s UN work due to apartheid policies
C) Strengthening South Africa’s international influence
D) Creating trade deals

A

B) Disapproving and suspending South Africa’s UN work due to apartheid policies

181
Q

Referring cases to the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been done for which of the following?
A) Darfur (2005)
B) Libya (2011)
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C) Both A and B

182
Q

The ‘Uniting for Peace’ resolution (UNGA resolution 377) focuses on:
A) Economic agreements
B) Maintaining international peace and security
C) Exclusive military actions
D) Trade sanctions

A

B) Maintaining international peace and security

183
Q

Universal Jurisdiction allows for crimes to be prosecuted because they are considered:
A) Local matters
B) Crimes against a specific nation only
C) Crimes against all humanity
D) Economic disputes

A

C) Crimes against all humanity

184
Q

The establishment of the UN OHCHR Human Rights Office in Seoul aims to:
A) Promote economic development exclusively
B) Address human rights issues, particularly related to North Korea
C) Support military operations
D) Both B and C

A

B) Address human rights issues, particularly related to North Korea

185
Q

Mobilizing celebrity involvement is proposed as part of the campaign to:
A) Increase awareness and support for human rights causes
B) Focus solely on entertainment
C) Limit media coverage
D) None of the above

A

A) Increase awareness and support for human rights causes

186
Q

Small actions individuals can take to promote change include:
A) Organizing film festivals and picture galleries
B) Arranging defectors to speak and raising awareness
C) Writing letters to global leaders and media outlets
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

187
Q

Joining student-run organizations and participating in music and talk concerts can:
A) Isolate communities from important issues
B) Raise awareness and foster engagement with human rights causes
C) Focus solely on financial gain
D) None of the above

A

B) Raise awareness and foster engagement with human rights causes

188
Q

To help stranded defectors in China, you can:
A) Ignore their plight
B) Advocate for their safety and support international efforts to assist them
C) Focus solely on local issues
D) Prevent international cooperation

A

B) Advocate for their safety and support international efforts to assist them

189
Q

The global recourse strategies mentioned, such as sports and cultural boycotts, are intended to:
A) Isolate countries without purpose
B) Pressure governments and influence policy change
C) Promote economic isolationism only
D) Both A and C

A

B) Pressure governments and influence policy change

190
Q

Writing letters to global leaders and celebrities aims to:
A) Disrupt communication channels
B) Advocate for human rights and draw attention to pressing issues
C) Prevent media coverage of important topics
D) None of the above

A

B) Advocate for human rights and draw attention to pressing issues

191
Q

Researching North Korean human rights issues from international law, human rights, and organizational perspectives helps to:
A) Provide deeper understanding and solutions
B) Ignore historical context
C) Focus solely on unrelated issues
D) None of the above

A

A) Provide deeper understanding and solutions

IR finals (3 decks)

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