All Flashcards
What is meant by power in International Relations (IR)?
A) The ability to dominate and oppress other nations
B) The ability to prevail in conflict and to overcome obstacles
C) A focus solely on economic growth
D) None of the above
B. The ability to prevail in conflict and to overcome obstacles
Who defined power in IR as ‘the ability to prevail in conflict and to overcome obstacles’?
A) Hans Morgenthau
B) Kenneth Waltz
C) Karl Deutsch
D) Quincy Wright
C. Karl Deutsch
According to the concept of ‘power potential,’ what must a state have to exercise relational power?
A) Economic resources
B) Aggregate power resources
C) Military support from allies
D) None of the above
B. Aggregate power resources
Which of the following scholars is associated with the idea that ‘all politics, domestic or international, involve a struggle for power’?
A) Karl Deutsch
B) Hans Morgenthau
C) Quincy Wright
D) Kenneth Waltz
B. Hans Morgenthau
Hans Morgenthau, a proponent of realism in IR, believed power to be:
A) A means by which other interests are satisfied
B) Primarily an economic resource
C) The pursuit of peace and justice
D) An outdated concept
A. A means by which other interests are satisfied
Quincy Wright defined international politics as:
A) A quest for global harmony
B) The art of influencing, manipulating, or controlling major groups to advance some purposes against the opposition of others
C) The ability to create international law and order
D) None of the above
B. The art of influencing, manipulating, or controlling major groups to advance some purposes against the opposition of others
Which scholar emphasized that power provides states with increased autonomy, freedom of action, and influence in the international community?
A) Karl Deutsch
B) Quincy Wright
C) Hans Morgenthau
D) Kenneth Waltz
D. Kenneth Waltz
According to Kenneth Waltz, what are some of the benefits that power provides to states?
A) Maintenance of autonomy
B) Greater margin of safety
C) Increased freedom of action
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
In IR, ‘power politics’ is often characterized by:
A) Coercive, competitive actions to protect and further national interests
B) The pursuit of morality, peace, and justice
C) A commitment to international law and organizations
D) None of the above
A. Coercive, competitive actions to protect and further national interests
Which of the following statements reflects a challenge in ‘power politics’?
A) Morality is prioritized in decisions
B) There is little room for the pursuit of peace and justice through international law
C) Peaceful resolutions are the primary objective
D) Nations focus mainly on cooperative alliances
B. There is little room for the pursuit of peace and justice through international law
Which of the following ancient classical thinkers are frequently referenced by realists in IR?
A) Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Max Weber
C) Plato and Aristotle
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
Realism as a self-conscious movement in IR studies emerged during which time period?
A) Early 20th century
B) Mid-20th century
C) Late 20th century
D) 21st century
B. Mid-20th century
Who was a key figure in establishing realism by critiquing the “idealism” of liberal internationalists?
A) Hans Morgenthau
B) Kenneth Waltz
C) E.H. Carr
D) Karl Deutsch
C. E.H. Carr
What did E.H. Carr criticize as “dangerous and deluded”?
A) The focus on military strength in international relations
B) The idealism of liberal internationalists
C) The reliance on diplomacy over self-interest
D) The concept of power as a determinant in state behavior
B. The idealism of liberal internationalists
E.H. Carr saw the belief in progress through international institutions, such as the League of Nations, as:
A) A realistic goal
B) An unavoidable aspect of world politics
C) A delusion held by liberal internationalists
D) A success in promoting world peace
C. A delusion held by liberal internationalists
What event significantly influenced scholars like E.H. Carr to adopt a pessimistic view of IR?
A) World War I
B) The Great Depression
C) World War II
D) The Cold War
C. World War II
Who was among the European émigré scholars that helped establish realism as a dominant IR perspective?
A) Karl Deutsch
B) Kenneth Waltz
C) Hans Morgenthau
D) Niccolò Machiavelli
C. Hans Morgenthau
According to realism, what are the primary factors in determining state behavior?
A) International cooperation and diplomacy
B) Power and self-interest
C) Economic integration and trade
D) Moral values and ethical considerations
B. Power and self-interest
The “idealism” that Carr criticized was particularly characterized by which belief?
A) The notion of power as a fundamental force in politics
B) The potential for progress through international institutions
C) The inevitability of military conflict between states
D) None of the above
B. The potential for progress through international institutions
Which historical institution did Carr use as an example to critique the idealism of liberal internationalists?
A) The United Nations
B) NATO
C) The League of Nations
D) The European Union
C. The League of Nations
What did E.H. Carr emphasize as central to determining state behavior in international relations, highlighted as the “perennial role of power”?
A) The importance of international institutions
B) The significance of power and self-interest
C) The pursuit of world peace
D) Economic integration as a key factor
B. The significance of power and self-interest
According to E.H. Carr, the “perennial role of power” in IR suggests that:
A) States are primarily driven by ethical concerns
B) Self-interest and power consistently shape state actions
C) International cooperation is the main objective of all states
D) Economic factors override political power in state behavior
B. Self-interest and power consistently shape state actions
Which of the following best describes the realist view of human nature?
A) Optimistic and inherently good
B) Pessimistic, with a focus on self-interest
C) Neutral and adaptable
D) None of the above
B. Pessimistic, with a focus on self-interest
Reinhold Niebuhr’s concept of “Christian realism” emphasized that:
A) Utopianism is effective in addressing reality
B) Utopianism is ineffectual in dealing with reality
C) Realism should prioritize ethical cooperation
D) Both A and C
B. Utopianism is ineffectual in dealing with reality
In realism, which actors are considered the most important in the international system?
A) International organizations
B) States
C) Non-governmental organizations
D) All of the above
B. States
According to realists, the international system is characterized by:
A) Cooperation and mutual support
B) Anarchy and competition
C) Strict hierarchical structure above states
D) Both A and C
B. Anarchy and competition
Realists assert that no actor exists above states, particularly referring to:
A) International organizations (IO) and international law (IL)
B) Regional governments and local authorities
C) Non-state actors and individuals
D) None of the above
A. International organizations (IO) and international law (IL)
Which of the following is a key realist assumption about state behavior?
A) States act as unitary, rational actors
B) States are primarily driven by individual leaders’ interests
C) States are inconsistent and frequently irrational
D) Both A and C
A. States act as unitary, rational actors
Realists believe states pursue:
A) Self-interest
B) Altruistic international goals
C) Economic dependency
D) All of the above
A. Self-interest
The “zero-sum” logic in realism implies that:
A) All actors can gain equally in international relations
B) One state’s gain is another state’s loss
C) Resources are distributed fairly among states
D) Both A and C
B. One state’s gain is another state’s loss
Which of the following best represents the “Survival of the Fittest” concept in realism?
A) Cooperative alliances are key to success
B) Only states with power and security can thrive
C) Moral decisions take precedence over power politics
D) None of the above
B. Only states with power and security can thrive
What is prioritized in realism for maintaining state security?
A) Diplomatic negotiations
B) Economic power
C) Military power
D) Both A and B
C. Military power
In realism, morality is rooted in which of the following concepts?
A) Actions driven by ethical intentions
B) The principle that the ends justify the means
C) A focus on long-term diplomatic peace
D) Both A and C
B. The principle that the ends justify the means
Which of the following statements align with core realist assumptions?
A) The international system is inherently anarchic
B) States are unitary, rational actors
C) States prioritize global cooperation over self-interest
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
Realist theory suggests that states act in self-interest because:
A) They prioritize altruistic goals
B) No higher authority can enforce cooperation
C) They benefit equally from cooperative alliances
D) All of the above
B. No higher authority can enforce cooperation
According to Hans Morgenthau, power can be defined as:
A) Anything that establishes and maintains control of man over man
B) A means of enforcing moral values across societies
C) A product of economic exchanges
D) None of the above
A. Anything that establishes and maintains control of man over man
Morgenthau describes power as involving control over:
A) The minds and actions of other men
B) The resources and wealth of a society
C) Only the military aspects of a state
D) All of the above
A. The minds and actions of other men
What phrase does Morgenthau use to describe the universal drive for power within humans?
A) Amor fati
B) Animus dominandi
C) Pax Romana
D) Both A and C
B. Animus dominandi
The “lust for power” described by Morgenthau is primarily motivated by:
A) A need for physical survival
B) A desire to maintain one’s position or standing
C) The pursuit of ethical values
D) Both A and B
B. A desire to maintain one’s position or standing
According to Morgenthau, the concept of “power politics” at the global scale results from:
A) The pursuit of cultural superiority
B) The operation of power dynamics at the individual level
C) Economic competition between states
D) All of the above
B. The operation of power dynamics at the individual level
Which of the following best captures Morgenthau’s view on the universal force behind political actions?
A) The survival instinct of humans
B) Animus dominandi, or an endless lust for power
C) The drive for equality and justice
D) None of the above
B. Animus dominandi, or an endless lust for power
Morgenthau’s concept of power implies that power is concerned with:
A) Gaining influence and position within a particular environment
B) Ensuring survival of the state
C) Upholding moral values universally
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
According to Morgenthau, the “lust for power” is:
A) A universal inner force within the human soul
B) Primarily a product of military ambitions
C) A phenomenon limited to political elites
D) None of the above
A. A universal inner force within the human soul
Morgenthau’s view suggests that power politics on a global scale mirrors:
A) Economic rivalries between nations
B) Individual-level power dynamics in society
C) Cooperative alliances in international relations
D) Both A and C
B. Individual-level power dynamics in society
Which of the following statements aligns with Morgenthau’s perspective on power?
A) Power politics is an extension of individual lust for control
B) Power is primarily concerned with control rather than survival
C) Power stems from a universal drive within humans
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Power, in the context of International Relations, is primarily defined as:
A) The ability to influence others’ behavior
B) The right to enforce domestic laws
C) A method of creating international law
D) None of the above
A. The ability to influence others’ behavior
Which of the following are types of power based on the method of influence?
A) Coercive (use or threat of force)
B) Non-coercive (diplomacy, persuasion, propaganda)
C) Economic influence exclusively
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
In world politics, authority differs from power because:
A) Authority has a consensual right to make binding decisions domestically
B) Authority operates equally at both national and global levels
C) Power lacks the basis of authority
D) Both A and C
D. Both A and C
The United Nations’ ability to “command authority” over state sovereignty raises the question of whether it:
A) Holds binding authority globally
B) Functions merely as a diplomatic organization
C) Has no power at all
D) Only operates as a legal body
A. Holds binding authority globally
Which of the following is a form of influence, according to the concept of power in world politics?
A) Determining outcomes and prevailing over others’ goals
B) Enforcing national authority
C) Direct control over international organizations
D) None of the above
A. Determining outcomes and prevailing over others’ goals
In the context of power and influence, positive inducements and negative threats are often referred to as:
A) Carrots and sticks
B) Diplomatic tools
C) Sanctions and incentives
D) All of the above
A. Carrots and sticks
Coercive power is distinguished by:
A) The implicit or explicit use of force or threat of force
B) Complete reliance on diplomacy and negotiation
C) Avoidance of military strategies
D) Both B and C
A. The implicit or explicit use of force or threat of force
Which of the following represents the most violent and costly way to bring about political influence, as discussed?
A) Diplomacy and treaties
B) Coercive force, including war and deterrence
C) Economic sanctions
D) None of the above
B. Coercive force, including war and deterrence
Examples of coercive power in International Relations include:
A) Diplomacy and peaceful negotiations
B) War and deterrence
C) Propaganda and public relations
D) Both A and C
B. War and deterrence
In world politics, power is generally understood as:
A) The foundation of global authority
B) A common form of influence to determine outcomes
C) A secondary factor to national politics
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
Which of the following is a primary instrument of foreign policy for influencing other states?
A) Military might and interventionism
B) Public diplomacy
C) Foreign aid
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Carl von Clausewitz’s famous quote about war states that:
A) War is purely a military endeavor
B) War is a mere continuation of policy/politics by other means
C) War should only be used as a last resort
D) War has no connection to politics
B. War is a mere continuation of policy/politics by other means
Which of the following methods can be classified as covert activities in foreign policy?
A) Intelligence gathering and espionage
B) Publicly announced economic sanctions
C) Diplomatic negotiations
D) None of the above
A. Intelligence gathering and espionage
In foreign policy, providing foreign aid to another country could be intended to:
A) Influence the recipient country’s policies
B) Establish a dependency on the donor country
C) Improve relations between countries
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Public diplomacy as a foreign policy tool involves:
A) Covert operations to undermine other states
B) Open communication to shape public opinion in other countries
C) Military intervention to enforce policies
D) Both A and C
B. Open communication to shape public opinion in other countries
Sanctions are primarily used as a foreign policy tool to:
A) Directly invade or occupy a state
B) Punish or coerce a state into changing certain behaviors
C) Increase a state’s trade relations
D) None of the above
B. Punish or coerce a state into changing certain behaviors
Which of the following instruments of foreign policy relies on the use or threat of military force?
A) Public diplomacy
B) Military might and interventionism
C) Foreign aid
D) Both A and C
B. Military might and interventionism
Foreign aid can serve as a tool for:
A) Strengthening diplomatic ties
B) Economic dependency creation
C) Humanitarian assistance
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following are considered instruments of foreign policy?
A) Sanctions and public diplomacy
B) Covert activities
C) Military intervention
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
According to Clausewitz, war is related to policy because it is:
A) Entirely separate from political goals
B) An extension of politics through different means
C) A tool to only secure peace
D) None of the above
B. An extension of politics through different means
Power in International Relations is primarily considered to be:
A) A relational concept
B) A self-contained absolute
C) Independent of context or comparison
D) None of the above
A. A relational concept
The element of relativity in power relations is exemplified by comparisons such as:
A) US vs USSR
B) DPRK vs ROK
C) US vs China
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
According to Karl Deutsch, power can be likened to currency because:
A) It has fixed value globally
B) It serves as a means to achieve outcomes, similar to how money is used for goods and services
C) It cannot be measured in political contexts
D) None of the above
B. It serves as a means to achieve outcomes, similar to how money is used for goods and services
Though power is primarily a means, why might it also be considered an end?
A) Without power, achieving any objective becomes difficult
B) It is independent of state interests
C) It exists solely for economic purposes
D) Both B and C
A. Without power, achieving any objective becomes difficult
Hans Morgenthau’s view on power suggests that statesmen:
A) Think in terms of interests defined as power
B) Should prioritize ideals over power
C) Often dismiss power in their decisions
D) None of the above
A. Think in terms of interests defined as power
In Morgenthau’s theory, if a state “gives up” power, it will:
A) Strengthen its position internationally
B) Fall victim to the power of others
C) Achieve a balanced position
D) Focus more on cultural goals
B. Fall victim to the power of others
Power based on perception means that:
A) Power depends on others’ belief in one’s ability to prevail
B) Power is unaffected by others’ perceptions
C) States act only on rational assessments of their power
D) None of the above
A. Power depends on others’ belief in one’s ability to prevail
The implications of perceived power are significant for strategies like:
A) First and second strike capabilities
B) Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) and Nuclear Utilization Theories (NUTs)
C) Missile Defense (MD) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The multidimensional nature of power includes which types of instruments?
A) Hard power, such as military and economic power
B) Soft power, such as cultural and psychological influence
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
Morgenthau describes power as “anything that establishes and maintains control over others,” which may include:
A) Military and economic means
B) Cultural and technological influence
C) Psychological tools
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The concept of a “zero-sum game” in power dynamics implies:
A) Total political power is fixed, and one’s gain is another’s loss
B) Power can expand indefinitely without limitation
C) Positive outcomes for all players
D) None of the above
A. Total political power is fixed, and one’s gain is another’s loss
National power is dynamic, meaning it can:
A) Remain constant over time
B) Increase or decrease based on various factors
C) Be entirely immune to change
D) Both A and C
B. Increase or decrease based on various factors
Steve Krasner’s concept of “meta-power” involves:
A) Directly influencing other states’ military strategies
B) Controlling outcomes through institutions and systems
C) Ignoring institutional power dynamics
D) None of the above
B. Controlling outcomes through institutions and systems
Examples of institutions that can be used as tools of meta-power include:
A) The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and NATO
B) ASEAN and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
C) Both A and B
D) Only financial organizations
C. Both A and B
In the AIIB, China holds the largest share of voting power, while in the IMF and World Bank:
A) China also holds the majority
B) The United States holds a larger share than China
C) Voting power is distributed equally among member states
D) None of the above
B. The United States holds a larger share than China
Which of the following describes power as relational in nature?
A) Power only exists in a competitive setting
B) Power depends on the relationship between states or entities
C) Power is independent and absolute in all contexts
D) None of the above
B. Power depends on the relationship between states or entities
Which characteristic of power relates to its comparative nature, where power depends on relative strength (e.g., US vs USSR, DPRK vs ROK)?
A) Power as an end in itself
B) Power as relational
C) Element of relativity
D) Both B and C
D. Both B and C
Power in IR is often considered a means rather than an end because:
A) It is used to achieve specific goals
B) It exists to ensure peace
C) It focuses on cultural exchange
D) None of the above
A. It is used to achieve specific goals
Power may also be viewed as an end in itself because:
A) States must have power to achieve any objective
B) Power is the only objective in IR
C) States typically prioritize cultural influence
D) Both B and C
A. States must have power to achieve any objective
Which of the following characteristics of power is tied to belief or perception?
A) Power is purely physical in nature
B) Power is based on belief in an individual or community’s ability to prevail
C) Power depends solely on economic resources
D) None of the above
B. Power is based on belief in an individual or community’s ability to prevail
Instruments of power are often classified as:
A) Economic and legal power only
B) Hard power (military, economic) and soft power (cultural, psychological)
C) Hard power and soft power exclusively in military contexts
D) Both A and C
B. Hard power (military, economic) and soft power (cultural, psychological)
Which of the following best explains the concept of power as multidimensional?
A) Power encompasses military, economic, psychological, cultural, and technological elements
B) Power is only relevant in economic settings
C) Power focuses on military influence exclusively
D) None of the above
A. Power encompasses military, economic, psychological, cultural, and technological elements
The idea that the total amount of political power is fixed, often resulting in a “zero-sum game,” means:
A) One state’s gain in power equals another’s loss
B) All states can increase power simultaneously
C) Political power can grow indefinitely for all players
D) None of the above
A. One state’s gain in power equals another’s loss
Which of the following are considered characteristics of power?
A) Relational and based on perception
B) Zero-sum game and multidimensional
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
Power can be considered dynamic because it:
A) Remains constant regardless of circumstances
B) Can increase or decrease over time
C) Is unaffected by changes in global relations
D) Both A and C
B. Can increase or decrease over time
Which of the following statements accurately lists characteristics of power in IR?
A) Relational, comparative (relativity), means to an end
B) Based on perception, multidimensional, zero-sum game
C) Dynamic (can increase or decrease), sometimes institutionalized
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The “national core” as a tangible element of power includes:
A) Physical characteristics like territory and geography
B) Military capability exclusively
C) Financial reserves only
D) None of the above
A. Physical characteristics like territory and geography
Which of the following physical characteristics are considered when assessing a state’s power?
A) Location and topography
B) Climate, size, and shape
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
When examining population as a power factor, what characteristics are considered?
A) Population age and morale
B) Ethnicity and race
C) Only population density
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
In 2024, which two countries have the largest populations?
A) China and India
B) United States and Russia
C) India and Brazil
D) None of the above
A. China and India
Which of the following relates to a state’s natural resources as an element of power?
A) Self-sufficiency and dependence
B) Surplus and reserves
C) Financial infrastructure exclusively
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
Level of economic development in the context of power includes:
A) GDP, balance of payments, and budget
B) Military size and strength
C) Industrial and agricultural output
D) Both A and C
D. Both A and C
National infrastructure as an element of economic power encompasses:
A) Transportation and technology
B) Information and communication systems
C) Satellites and other technological advances
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Military capability as an element of power includes all of the following except:
A) Troop numbers and weapons systems
B) Agricultural output
C) Defense spending
D) Nuclear arms stockpile
B. Agricultural output
Which countries are estimated to have the largest nuclear arsenals?
A) United States and Russia
B) China and France
C) North Korea and Israel
D) None of the above
A. United States and Russia
The tangible elements of power include:
A) National core and military capability
B) Natural resources and economic development
C) Population and infrastructure
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The national infrastructure aspect of power includes:
A) Industrial output only
B) Technology, transportation, and communication systems
C) Foreign military alliances
D) None of the above
B. Technology, transportation, and communication systems
Self-sufficiency in natural resources as a power factor indicates that a country:
A) Relies heavily on imports
B) Has surplus reserves or sufficient resources for its needs
C) Depends on foreign financial aid
D) Both A and C
B. Has surplus reserves or sufficient resources for its needs
Which of the following are considered military capabilities in assessing a state’s power?
A) Nuclear arms and defense spending
B) Troop strength and weapons systems
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
Which of the following is considered an intangible element of national power?
A) National morale
B) Population size
C) Natural resources
D) None of the above
A. National morale
Examples such as the Vietnam War, Russo-Japanese War, and the Taliban highlight the importance of which intangible element of power?
A) National morale
B) Economic development
C) Geographic position
D) Both B and C
A. National morale
In the context of government, which of the following aspects are significant for national power?
A) Competence and bureaucratic inertia
B) Whether the government is democratic or authoritarian
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
National leadership as an intangible element of power includes characteristics such as:
A) Personality and upbringing
B) Dogma, ideals, and values
C) Financial position exclusively
D) Both A and B
D. Both A and B
Which of the following leaders exemplify the role of leadership in national power?
A) Lee Kuan Yew and Winston Churchill
B) Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump
C) Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Technology and innovation as an intangible element of power includes which sectors?
A) Telecommunications and social networking services (SNS)
B) Artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology
C) Computing, big data, and pharmaceuticals
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The example of Taiwan’s strategic value due to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) highlights which intangible element of power?
A) Ideology
B) Technology and innovation
C) National morale
D) Geographic position exclusively
B. Technology and innovation
Which of the following are considered intangible elements of national power?
A) National morale and leadership
B) Technology and ideology
C) Education and religion
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The influence of ideology, education, and religion on a nation’s power is considered an intangible factor because:
A) It affects the military strength of a country
B) It shapes the beliefs and values that drive national unity and resolve
C) It is unrelated to national power
D) Both A and C
B. It shapes the beliefs and values that drive national unity and resolve
Which of the following accurately lists intangible elements of national power?
A) National morale, nature of government, leadership
B) Technology and innovation, ideology, education, and religion
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
Which intangible element of power involves factors like competence, bureaucratic inertia, and the type of government?
A) Technology and innovation
B) Nature of government
C) Ideology and religion
D) None of the above
B. Nature of government
National morale is significant for power because it:
A) Strengthens the population’s resolve and unity during conflicts
B) Determines the country’s technological capability
C) Has no influence on international relations
D) None of the above
A. Strengthens the population’s resolve and unity during conflicts
Which intangible elements of power contribute to shaping national identity and values?
A) Ideology and education
B) Religion
C) Both A and B
D) Military capability exclusively
C. Both A and B
Which of the following is a tangible element of power?
A) Military capability
B) National morale
C) Ideology
D) None of the above
A. Military capability
Technology and innovation as a power factor is considered:
A) A tangible element of power
B) An intangible element of power
C) Both a tangible and intangible element
D) None of the above
B. An intangible element of power
National infrastructure, including transportation, technology, and communication systems, is an example of:
A) A tangible element of power
B) An intangible element of power
C) Neither tangible nor intangible
D) Both A and B
A. A tangible element of power
Which of the following are intangible elements of power?
A) Leadership qualities like values and ideals
B) Nature of government and ideology
C) National morale
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Natural resources, including reserves and self-sufficiency, are considered:
A) Tangible elements of power
B) Intangible elements of power
C) Both tangible and intangible elements of power
D) None of the above
A. Tangible elements of power
Education and religion as factors in national power are:
A) Tangible elements of power
B) Intangible elements of power
C) Both tangible and intangible elements of power
D) None of the above
B. Intangible elements of power
The financial position of a country, including international reserves and GDP, is an example of:
A) A tangible element of power
B) An intangible element of power
C) A neutral element of power
D) None of the above
A. A tangible element of power
Which of the following is classified as an intangible element of power?
A) National morale
B) Ideology
C) Leadership values
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Population characteristics such as size, age, and ethnicity are considered:
A) Tangible elements of power
B) Intangible elements of power
C) Both tangible and intangible elements
D) None of the above
A. Tangible elements of power
Military capability, including troop numbers and weapons systems, is an example of:
A) A tangible element of power
B) An intangible element of power
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
A. A tangible element of power
Factors such as a state’s type of government (democratic vs. authoritarian) and bureaucratic competence are examples of:
A) Tangible elements of power
B) Intangible elements of power
C) Both tangible and intangible elements
D) None of the above
B. Intangible elements of power
Which of the following accurately groups tangible elements of power?
A) National infrastructure, natural resources, and military capability
B) Leadership, ideology, and national morale
C) Technology and religion
D) None of the above
A. National infrastructure, natural resources, and military capability
A state’s level of industrial and agricultural output falls under:
A) Tangible elements of power
B) Intangible elements of power
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
A. Tangible elements of power
National morale and the values of leaders are considered:
A) Tangible elements of power
B) Intangible elements of power
C) Neither tangible nor intangible
D) Both A and B
B. Intangible elements of power
Which of the following lists only intangible elements of power?
A) Ideology, national morale, and education
B) Population characteristics and military capability
C) National infrastructure, financial reserves, and natural resources
D) All of the above
A. Ideology, national morale, and education
The “Balance of Power” (BOP) concept in International Relations refers to:
A) Parity among major actors to prevent dominance by any one state
B) The economic stability of a region
C) Absolute peace through non-interference
D) None of the above
A. Parity among major actors to prevent dominance by any one state
An imbalance in power among major international actors can lead to:
A) Stability and peaceful coexistence
B) Aggression by stronger states toward weaker states
C) Economic interdependence
D) Both A and C
B. Aggression by stronger states toward weaker states
Which of the following is a way to maintain the Balance of Power, according to James E. Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff?
A) Divide and rule
B) Diplomatic negotiations
C) Territorial adjustment
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The use of buffer states to maintain the Balance of Power serves to:
A) Create a neutral zone between rival states
B) Encourage direct military conflict
C) Promote cultural exchange between regions
D) None of the above
A. Create a neutral zone between rival states
Which of the following is not one of the 11 methods for maintaining the Balance of Power?
A) Intervention
B) Arms race
C) Economic sanctions
D) Territorial adjustment
C. Economic sanctions
The concept of “Hegemonic Stability” is associated with:
A) Preventing any one power from dominating the system
B) A single power ensuring stability within the international system
C) Constant competition among all states
D) None of the above
B. A single power ensuring stability within the international system
The Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to:
A) Preserve the Balance of Power system in Europe
B) Promote economic cooperation in the Middle East
C) Limit cultural exchange among European nations
D) Both B and C
A. Preserve the Balance of Power system in Europe
Which of the following reflects the principle of opposition to concentrated power in International Relations?
A) Support for a hegemon
B) Commitment to the Balance of Power system
C) Non-intervention in conflicts
D) None of the above
B. Commitment to the Balance of Power system
According to Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, maintaining the Balance of Power can involve:
A) Spheres of influence
B) Arms control and alliances
C) Peaceful settlements and war
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
In the Balance of Power system, which of the following factors might encourage aggression?
A) Parity among states
B) Weakness or vulnerability of certain states
C) Diplomatic negotiations
D) All of the above
B. Weakness or vulnerability of certain states
Which of the following accurately lists methods used to maintain Balance of Power?
A) Arms race, buffer states, alliances, and arms control
B) Territorial adjustment, intervention, and war
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
The “Balance of Power” concept is critical because:
A) It prevents domination by any single power
B) It aims to maintain international stability
C) It discourages aggression through parity
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following would not directly contribute to maintaining the Balance of Power?
A) Divide and rule tactics
B) Diplomatic alliances
C) Economic tariffs
D) Buffer states
C. Economic tariffs
The Congress of Vienna’s significance in IR stems from its:
A) Opposition to concentrated power in Europe
B) Establishment of peace after the Napoleonic Wars
C) Commitment to preserving the Balance of Power
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
Maintaining the Balance of Power may involve actions that range from:
A) Diplomatic alliances to armed intervention
B) Economic incentives to cultural exchanges
C) Industrial cooperation to scientific partnerships
D) None of the above
A. Diplomatic alliances to armed intervention
Hegemonic Stability Theory suggests that:
A) A balance of power among many states is needed for stability
B) A preponderance of power by a single state can create and sustain international stability
C) Small states contribute most to global stability
D) None of the above
B. A preponderance of power by a single state can create and sustain international stability
The scholar most associated with the concept of Hegemonic Stability Theory is:
A) A.F.K. Organski
B) George Modelski
C) James E. Dougherty
D) None of the above
A. A.F.K. Organski
George Modelski’s concept of “Long Cycles” refers to:
A) Regular periods of economic booms and recessions
B) Cycles of dominant power that rise and fall over time
C) Seasonal agricultural patterns impacting global trade
D) Both A and C
B. Cycles of dominant power that rise and fall over time
The idea of “Power Transition” in International Relations involves:
A) A gradual transfer of power between generations within a state
B) Shifts in power that can lead to instability or conflict
C) A stable period of power-sharing among equal states
D) None of the above
B. Shifts in power that can lead to instability or conflict
Collective security as a political arrangement aims to:
A) Deter aggression by promising collective punishment
B) Promote economic cooperation exclusively
C) Strengthen trade relationships between states
D) Both B and C
A. Deter aggression by promising collective punishment
Which of the following are examples of collective security organizations?
A) The League of Nations and the United Nations
B) The Rio Pact
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
The concept of collective security was demonstrated in action during:
A) The Korean War (1950)
B) The Gulf War (1991)
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C. Both A and B
A challenge in implementing collective security is:
A) Identifying the aggressor in a conflict
B) Ensuring all states have equal military power
C) Avoiding any form of punishment
D) Both B and C
A. Identifying the aggressor in a conflict
Which of the following are associated with maintaining international stability through power dominance?
A) Hegemonic Stability Theory
B) Power Transition Theory
C) Collective Security
D) All of the above
D. All of the above
The primary purpose of collective security is to:
A) Provide unilateral defense for large powers
B) Deter aggression by guaranteeing a collective response
C) Ensure economic equality among states
D) Both B and C
B. Deter aggression by guaranteeing a collective response
The “Power Transition” concept suggests that instability can occur when:
A) A powerful state declines and another state rises to challenge it
B) Power is evenly balanced among states
C) There is complete economic equality
D) None of the above
A. A powerful state declines and another state rises to challenge it
Which of the following scholars introduced the idea of “Long Cycles” in power dynamics?
A) A.F.K. Organski
B) George Modelski
C) Hans Morgenthau
D) None of the above
B. George Modelski
Collective security organizations aim to:
A) Act as a deterrent against potential aggressors
B) Establish economic sanctions
C) Avoid involvement in conflicts
D) Both A and C
A. Act as a deterrent against potential aggressors
Which statement accurately summarizes Hegemonic Stability Theory?
A) Multiple powers share responsibility equally to maintain stability
B) A dominant power helps maintain international order and stability
C) Stability is best maintained through economic interdependence
D) None of the above
B. A dominant power helps maintain international order and stability
Which of the following accurately lists key concepts within Patterns of Power?
A) Hegemonic Stability Theory, Long Cycles, Power Transition, and Collective Security
B) Power Balance, Economic Security, and Power Transfer
C) Territorial Stability and Collective Security only
D) None of the above
A. Hegemonic Stability Theory, Long Cycles, Power Transition, and Collective Security
