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IR finals > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

International Law (IL) is defined as a body of rules that:
A) Applies only within national borders
B) States and other agents accept as binding obligations in the world community
C) Does not impact the international community’s public good
D) None of the above

A

B. States and other agents accept as binding obligations in the world community

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2
Q

One goal of International Law is to:
A) Promote only economic growth
B) Achieve the public good for the international community
C) Focus solely on environmental issues
D) Both A and C

A

B. Achieve the public good for the international community

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3
Q

How does International Law differ from national laws?
A) It has a superior hierarchy
B) It lacks a strict, enforceable hierarchy
C) It is outlined in international constitutions
D) None of the above

A

B. It lacks a strict, enforceable hierarchy

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4
Q

Which of the following are examples of areas influenced by International Law?
A) Travel and trade
B) Environmental protection and weapons regulations
C) Border crisis management
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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5
Q

One primary purpose of International Law is to provide:
A) A framework for stable and organized international relations
B) Only economic guidelines for trade
C) Binding laws enforceable by all countries equally
D) None of the above

A

A. A framework for stable and organized international relations

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6
Q

The concept of “state rights and duties” under international norms includes:
A) Self-determination and self-defense
B) Non-intervention and treaty obligations
C) Polluting high seas
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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7
Q

Jurisdiction in International Law can involve:
A) Diplomatic sanctity and extradition for criminal prosecution
B) Polluting the high seas
C) Internal cultural policies
D) Both B and C

A

A. Diplomatic sanctity and extradition for criminal prosecution

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8
Q

The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) includes concepts such as:
A) Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)
B) Flag state authority over vessels
C) Rights over outer space exploration
D) Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

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9
Q

Under International Law, air space and outer space are regulated by:
A) Agreements on passage consent and flag state authority
B) National laws alone
C) Trade regulations exclusively
D) None of the above

A

A. Agreements on passage consent and flag state authority

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10
Q

The laws governing conduct in war (jus in bello) include protections for:
A) Prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians
B) Hostages
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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11
Q

International Law primarily applies to:
A) Only state actors
B) Both state and non-state actors (e.g., MNCs, INGOs, individuals)
C) Only multinational corporations
D) None of the above

A

B. Both state and non-state actors (e.g., MNCs, INGOs, individuals)

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12
Q

One unique feature of International Law compared to domestic law is:
A) It has strong enforcement mechanisms
B) It relies more on voluntary compliance
C) It is enforceable by a global authority
D) Both A and C

A

B. It relies more on voluntary compliance

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13
Q

The applicability of International Law depends significantly on:
A) The voluntary compliance of states
B) Direct enforcement by international authorities
C) Binding regulations from the UN
D) None of the above

A

A. The voluntary compliance of states

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14
Q

Which of the following are key features of International Law?
A) International norms and rules
B) Primarily applicable to states, but increasingly includes non-state actors
C) Dependence on voluntary compliance rather than enforceable authority
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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15
Q

Examples of non-state actors increasingly subject to International Law include:
A) Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
B) Intergovernmental Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs)
C) Individuals
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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16
Q

The first feature of International Law involves international norms and rules, which include:
A) State rights and duties, such as self-determination and self-defense
B) Jurisdictional issues, like diplomatic sanctity and extradition
C) Laws regarding high seas, air space, and outer space
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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17
Q

The second feature of International Law is its applicability primarily to states, but increasingly also to:
A) Only multinational corporations (MNCs)
B) Non-state actors, including INGOs and individuals
C) Only local governments and municipalities
D) None of the above

A

B. Non-state actors, including INGOs and individuals

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18
Q

The third feature of International Law, which differs significantly from domestic law, is that it:
A) Depends on voluntary compliance by states
B) Has a powerful global authority for enforcement
C) Is strictly enforced by the United Nations
D) None of the above

A

A. Depends on voluntary compliance by states

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19
Q

The earliest examples of International Law are primarily found in:
A) Peace treaties between Mesopotamian city-states
B) Trade agreements between Greek city-states
C) Colonial laws in the European period
D) None of the above

A

A. Peace treaties between Mesopotamian city-states

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20
Q

Which ancient civilizations contributed to the conceptual framework of International Law?
A) Egypt and ancient Greece
B) The Roman Empire
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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21
Q

The Peace of Westphalia is significant in International Law because it:
A) Marked the end of the 30-years and 80-years wars
B) Ended religious conflicts in Europe
C) Introduced the concept of state sovereignty and a new balance of power in Europe
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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22
Q

Which of the following was a notable feature of the period dominated by Europe in the history of International Law?
A) Widespread colonialism
B) Influence of Christian faith in treaties and laws
C) Shift to a multipolar world
D) Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

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23
Q

The end of WWI marked a turning point in International Law primarily because:
A) It led to the rise of the Soviet Union and decline of European dominance
B) It saw the establishment of the League of Nations with its own judicial body
C) It introduced the principle that disputes should be resolved through negotiations rather than force
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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24
Q

Which organization, founded after WWI, had a judicial body called the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)?
A) The United Nations
B) The League of Nations
C) The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
D) None of the above

A

B. The League of Nations

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25
Q

The United Nations replaced the League of Nations after WWII with a commitment to:
A) Use force only in self-defense
B) Avoid the use of force in international disputes
C) Dissolve state sovereignty
D) None of the above

A

B. Avoid the use of force in international disputes

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26
Q

Which judicial body replaced the PCIJ after WWII?
A) The International Criminal Court (ICC)
B) The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
C) The United Nations General Assembly
D) The League of Nations Tribunal

A

B. The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

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27
Q

The Cold War period in International Law was marked by:
A) Bipolarity between the US and Soviet Union
B) Decolonization and the formation of new international organizations
C) Emphasis on economic interdependence
D) Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

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28
Q

After the Cold War, International Law began to address new issues, including:
A) Cybersecurity and terrorism
B) Environmental protection
C) Both A and B
D) Only economic cooperation

A

C. Both A and B

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29
Q

Which of the following accurately summarizes the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in International Law?
A) It established a European Union for peace
B) It introduced the concept of state sovereignty and redefined power balance in Europe
C) It focused solely on religious harmony across Europe
D) None of the above

A

B. It introduced the concept of state sovereignty and redefined power balance in Europe

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30
Q

The post-Cold War era in International Law saw the emergence of:
A) New international actors and legal challenges like terrorism and the environment
B) Decline of international organizations
C) Stronger emphasis on bilateral agreements only
D) None of the above

A

A. New international actors and legal challenges like terrorism and the environment

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31
Q

The League of Nations was established with the idea that:
A) Wars should be prevented, and disputes should be settled through negotiations
B) States should use force to enforce decisions
C) Only European nations should participate
D) None of the above

A

A. Wars should be prevented, and disputes should be settled through negotiations

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32
Q

The Cold War influenced International Law primarily through:
A) Bipolarity, decolonization, and creation of new organizations
B) Increased focus on colonialism
C) A rise in unilateral policies by powerful states
D) Both B and C

A

A. Bipolarity, decolonization, and creation of new organizations

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33
Q

Which historical milestone directly contributed to the shift from the League of Nations to the United Nations?
A) The Cold War
B) The end of WWII
C) The rise of the European Union
D) None of the above

A

B. The end of WWII

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34
Q

Hugo Grotius is considered the “father of international law” because he:
A) Laid the foundations for international law based on natural law
B) Advocated for warfare as a solution to disputes
C) Opposed the concept of state sovereignty
D) None of the above

A

A. Laid the foundations for international law based on natural law

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35
Q

Which of the following descriptions did Adam Smith give Hugo Grotius in 1762?
A) “The first to advocate for warfare as law”
B) “The first to give the world anything like a regular system of natural jurisprudence”
C) “The first father of economic theory”
D) Both A and C

A

B. “The first to give the world anything like a regular system of natural jurisprudence”

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36
Q

Grotius’ book De Jure Belli ac Pacis [On the Law of War and Peace] was dedicated to:
A) Queen Elizabeth I of England
B) Louis XIII of France
C) Charles I of Spain
D) None of the above

A

B. Louis XIII of France

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37
Q

Grotius was the first to conceptualize a society of states governed by:
A) Force and warfare exclusively
B) Actual laws and mutual agreements to enforce those laws
C) Absolute monarchies without mutual consent
D) None of the above

A

B. Actual laws and mutual agreements to enforce those laws

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38
Q

Which of the following areas did Grotius address in his writings?
A) Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
B) Rights of individuals and humanitarian intervention
C) Freedom of the seas
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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39
Q

In his discussion on Jus ad Bellum, Grotius focused on which doctrine?
A) Doctrine of absolute power
B) Doctrine of self-defense
C) Doctrine of conquest
D) Both A and C

A

B. Doctrine of self-defense

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40
Q

Grotius’ ideas on Jus in Bello, later embraced by the Hague Conventions, included:
A) A prohibition on unnecessary suffering
B) Complete freedom in warfare tactics
C) Ignoring the impact on civilians
D) None of the above

A

A. A prohibition on unnecessary suffering

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41
Q

Grotius’ work on the rights of individuals is seen as a precursor to which area of law?
A) Modern international trade law
B) Modern international human rights law
C) Economic law
D) Both A and C

A

B. Modern international human rights law

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42
Q

Which of the following individual rights did Grotius address as precursors to modern human rights?
A) Right to life and access to food
B) Access to medicine and protection of non-combatants in war
C) Right to property and commercial trade
D) Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

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43
Q

Grotius’ concept of “Freedom of the Seas” is directly linked to which modern international agreement?
A) The Treaty of Versailles
B) The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
C) The Hague Convention
D) None of the above

A

B. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

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44
Q

Which of the following books is attributed to Hugo Grotius?
A) De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)
B) Mare Liberum (The Free Seas)
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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45
Q

Grotius’ concept of humanitarian intervention included:
A) The right to intervene in cases of severe human suffering
B) A complete prohibition on intervention in other states
C) Freedom to wage war for economic gains
D) Both B and C

A

A. The right to intervene in cases of severe human suffering

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46
Q

Which concept discussed by Grotius has influenced the protection of non-combatants during war?
A) Jus in Bello
B) The law of economic rights
C) Freedom of the seas
D) None of the above

A

A. Jus in Bello

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47
Q

The principle of “Freedom of the Seas” by Grotius promoted:
A) Restricted navigation only within national boundaries
B) Free navigation on the open seas for all states
C) Exclusive navigation rights for dominant powers
D) None of the above

A

B. Free navigation on the open seas for all states

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48
Q

Hugo Grotius’ contributions to International Law cover areas such as:
A) Self-defense, individual rights, and humanitarian intervention
B) Freedom of navigation, prohibition of unnecessary suffering in war
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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49
Q

Who is the author of De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)?
A) Hugo Grotius
B) Adam Smith
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) None of the above

A

A. Hugo Grotius

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50
Q

Mare Liberum (The Free Seas), which argues for the freedom of navigation, was written by:
A) Hugo Grotius
B) Thomas Hobbes
C) Immanuel Kant
D) Both B and C

A

A. Hugo Grotius

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51
Q

Which of the following books is dedicated to Louis XIII of France?
A) The Wealth of Nations
B) De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)
C) Mare Liberum (The Free Seas)
D) None of the above

A

B. De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)

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52
Q

De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) by Grotius is significant because it:
A) Laid foundational principles for the laws of war and peace
B) Focused solely on economic theory
C) Ignored the concept of self-defense in conflicts
D) None of the above

A

A. Laid foundational principles for the laws of war and peace

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53
Q

Which of the following books laid the groundwork for modern concepts of the “Freedom of the Seas”?
A) The Spirit of the Laws by Montesquieu
B) Mare Liberum by Hugo Grotius
C) Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes
D) Both A and C

A

B. Mare Liberum by Hugo Grotius

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54
Q

Mare Liberum (The Free Seas) by Hugo Grotius promotes the idea that:
A) Nations should have free access to navigate the seas
B) Navigation rights are reserved only for powerful nations
C) The seas should be divided among all nations
D) None of the above

A

A. Nations should have free access to navigate the seas

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55
Q

Who described Hugo Grotius as “the first…to give the world anything like a regular system of natural jurisprudence”?
A) Adam Smith
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) Niccolò Machiavelli
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

A. Adam Smith

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56
Q

The idea of one society of states governed by laws rather than force is presented in which of Grotius’ works?
A) De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)
B) Mare Liberum (The Free Seas)
C) Leviathan
D) Both A and B

A

A. De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace)

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57
Q

Hugo Grotius’ writings on Jus ad Bellum, focusing on the doctrine of self-defense, are found in:
A) Mare Liberum
B) De Jure Belli ac Pacis
C) The Social Contract
D) None of the above

A

B. De Jure Belli ac Pacis

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58
Q

The idea of humanitarian intervention and the protection of non-combatants during war was introduced in:
A) Mare Liberum by Hugo Grotius
B) De Jure Belli ac Pacis by Hugo Grotius
C) On Liberty by John Stuart Mill
D) Both A and C

A

B. De Jure Belli ac Pacis by Hugo Grotius

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59
Q

Which book by Hugo Grotius contains early concepts of modern human rights, such as the right to life and access to basic needs during war?
A) Mare Liberum
B) De Jure Belli ac Pacis
C) The Republic
D) None of the above

A

B. De Jure Belli ac Pacis

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60
Q

The principle of “Freedom of the Seas,” foundational in international maritime law, originates in:
A) Mare Liberum by Hugo Grotius
B) The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
C) The Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes
D) Both B and C

A

A. Mare Liberum by Hugo Grotius

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61
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs a work with its author?
A) Mare Liberum - Hugo Grotius
B) On the Law of War and Peace - Hugo Grotius
C) The Social Contract - Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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62
Q

Hugo Grotius wrote about the legal rights of individuals in times of war in:
A) De Jure Belli ac Pacis
B) The Spirit of the Laws
C) On Liberty
D) None of the above

A

A. De Jure Belli ac Pacis

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63
Q

Which of Grotius’ works is seen as an early foundation for the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?
A) De Jure Belli ac Pacis
B) Mare Liberum
C) The Prince
D) Both A and C

A

B. Mare Liberum

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64
Q

According to Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, members must refrain from:
A) Diplomatic negotiations
B) Use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state
C) Enforcing economic sanctions
D) None of the above

A

B. Use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state

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65
Q

The Just War Doctrine addresses which of the following questions?
A) When a war can be waged
B) How a war should be carried out
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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66
Q

Under Jus Ad Bellum, which of the following is considered a “just cause” for war?
A) Self-defense against an armed attack
B) Expansion of territory
C) Economic gain
D) Both B and C

A

A. Self-defense against an armed attack

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67
Q

The Just War Doctrine states that war should only be undertaken as a:
A) First response to any threat
B) Last resort after all other options have failed
C) Diplomatic strategy
D) Means of economic gain

A

B. Last resort after all other options have failed

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68
Q

According to Just War principles, who has the authority to declare a just war?
A) Any individual with military power
B) A competent authority recognized as legitimate
C) Private citizens with sufficient resources
D) None of the above

A

B. A competent authority recognized as legitimate

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69
Q

A war is considered unjust under Jus Ad Bellum if:
A) It lacks a reasonable hope of success
B) It has an unlimited objective
C) It is waged without a just cause
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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70
Q

The concept of Jus In Bello (justice in war) includes which of the following norms?
A) Discrimination between military targets and civilians
B) Proportionality between the means used and the goals sought
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

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71
Q

Under the principle of discrimination in Jus In Bello, which of the following must be avoided?
A) Direct targeting of civilians
B) Only targeting military objectives
C) Diplomatic discussions
D) Both A and C

A

A. Direct targeting of civilians

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72
Q

According to the principle of proportionality in Jus In Bello:
A) The means used in war should be proportional to the goals sought
B) Military force can be unlimited if the cause is just
C) Civilian harm is permissible if goals are significant
D) None of the above

A

A. The means used in war should be proportional to the goals sought

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73
Q

Which of the following are conditions for Jus Ad Bellum in the Just War Doctrine?
A) Just cause and competent authority
B) Limited objective and last resort
C) Reasonable hope of success
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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74
Q

An unlimited objective in war is considered unjust because:
A) It allows for unrestrained destruction
B) It disregards the proportionality norm
C) War should be fought with specific, limited goals
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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75
Q

Which of the following is a core concept of Jus Ad Bellum?
A) A reasonable hope of success in the conflict
B) The right to expand territories through war
C) Disregard for civilian casualties
D) None of the above

A

A. A reasonable hope of success in the conflict

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76
Q

The principle that wars should be undertaken only by a recognized authority is called:
A) Limited objective
B) Competent authority
C) Last resort
D) Discrimination norm

A

B. Competent authority

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77
Q

In the Just War Doctrine, the discrimination norm ensures that:
A) War impacts only military personnel, not civilians
B) Military and civilian targets are treated the same
C) Economic gain is prioritized over justice
D) None of the above

A

A. War impacts only military personnel, not civilians

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78
Q

Which principles are included in Jus In Bello?
A) Proportionality and discrimination norms
B) Just cause and competent authority
C) Limited objective and last resort
D) None of the above

A

A. Proportionality and discrimination norms

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79
Q

The Realist approach to International Law is based on the idea that:
A) Laws only exist when backed by force or the threat of force
B) Compliance is achieved through voluntary habits
C) Laws should be completely ignored in international relations
D) None of the above

A

A. Laws only exist when backed by force or the threat of force

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80
Q

Which philosopher is associated with the Realist view that “covenants without swords are but words”?
A) John Locke
B) Thomas Hobbes
C) Immanuel Kant
D) None of the above

A

B. Thomas Hobbes

81
Q

The Realist approach to International Law is sometimes called the:
A) Habitual Compliance Theory
B) Command Theory of Law
C) Institutional Legitimacy Theory
D) None of the above

A

B. Command Theory of Law

82
Q

In Realist thought, John Austin defined law as:
A) Voluntary habits of compliance
B) The command of the sovereign
C) The rule of the people
D) Both A and C

A

B. The command of the sovereign

83
Q

According to the Realist approach, law without enforcement:
A) Is considered sufficient and effective
B) Cannot truly be considered law
C) Is superior to other forms of compliance
D) None of the above

A

B. Cannot truly be considered law

84
Q

In the context of the Realist approach, International Law often conflicts with:
A) National sovereignty in cases like Humanitarian Intervention or R2P
B) Economic goals and trade policies
C) Cultural independence and religion
D) Both B and C

A

A. National sovereignty in cases like Humanitarian Intervention or R2P

85
Q

The Behavioralist approach to International Law suggests that compliance is based on:
A) Voluntary adherence to rules and norms
B) Strict enforcement and punishment
C) Complete disregard for public institutions
D) None of the above

A

A. Voluntary adherence to rules and norms

86
Q

Examples of voluntary habits of compliance under the Behavioralist approach include:
A) Obeying traffic signals
B) Paying taxes
C) Respecting private property
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

87
Q

Under the Behavioralist approach, the legitimacy of law is established because:
A) Compliance best serves both public and personal interests
B) The laws are imposed by force
C) There is no personal benefit from compliance
D) Both B and C

A

A. Compliance best serves both public and personal interests

88
Q

The Behavioralist approach balances between:
A) Enforcement and voluntary compliance
B) Legitimacy and voluntary compliance
C) Enforcement and legitimacy
D) All of the above

A

C. Enforcement and legitimacy

89
Q

Which of the following accurately represents the Realist approach to International Law?
A) Law without enforcement is still law
B) Only laws backed by force or the threat of force are legitimate
C) Voluntary compliance is the foundation of law
D) None of the above

A

B. Only laws backed by force or the threat of force are legitimate

90
Q

The command theory of law, associated with the Realist approach, implies that law is effective when:
A) Issued by a recognized authority with power to enforce
B) Based on customs and voluntary norms
C) It applies only to private matters
D) Both B and C

A

A. Issued by a recognized authority with power to enforce

91
Q

According to the Behavioralist approach, which of the following contributes to compliance with law?
A) Fear of punishment exclusively
B) Understanding that following laws serves public and personal interests
C) Compliance driven solely by government orders
D) None of the above

A

B. Understanding that following laws serves public and personal interests

92
Q

Which of the following statements best summarizes the key difference between the Realist and Behavioralist approaches?
A) Realists emphasize force, while Behavioralists emphasize voluntary compliance and legitimacy
B) Realists focus on public interest, while Behavioralists focus on self-interest
C) Both approaches equally prioritize the role of institutions
D) Both approaches disregard the importance of compliance

A

A. Realists emphasize force, while Behavioralists emphasize voluntary compliance and legitimacy

93
Q

Under the Realist approach, which statement would be considered accurate?
A) “Where there is no common power, there is no law” – Thomas Hobbes
B) “Law is a voluntary habit of compliance” – Thomas Hobbes
C) “Compliance serves personal and public interests” – John Austin
D) None of the above

A

A. “Where there is no common power, there is no law” – Thomas Hobbes

94
Q

According to Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which of the following is a source of International Law?
A) International treaties and agreements
B) Custom
C) Judicial decisions
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

95
Q

Which of the following is considered the primary source of International Law?
A) General principles of law
B) Customary practices among states
C) International treaties and agreements
D) Judicial teachings exclusively

A

C. International treaties and agreements

96
Q

The customs that contribute to International Law are primarily based on:
A) Regular state practices followed out of a sense of legal obligation
B) Laws enacted by domestic governments
C) Traditions observed in a single country
D) None of the above

A

A. Regular state practices followed out of a sense of legal obligation

97
Q

In addition to treaties and customs, International Law also derives from:
A) Judicial decisions and teachings of influential scholars
B) Economic treaties alone
C) Solely the resolutions of the United Nations
D) Both B and C

A

A. Judicial decisions and teachings of influential scholars

98
Q

General principles of law, as a source of International Law, include principles that are:
A) Unique to specific nations
B) Common to major legal systems worldwide
C) Based on military codes
D) None of the above

A

B. Common to major legal systems worldwide

99
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sources of International Law under Article 38 of the ICJ Statute?
A) Economic agreements between corporations
B) Custom
C) Judicial decisions
D) General principles of law

A

A. Economic agreements between corporations

100
Q

The teachings of prominent writers on International Law are:
A) Considered a primary source of International Law
B) Consulted as a supplementary means for interpreting the law
C) Only relevant in national law
D) None of the above

A

B. Consulted as a supplementary means for interpreting the law

101
Q

Which source of International Law is often based on long-standing practices recognized by states as legally binding?
A) Treaties and agreements
B) Custom
C) General principles of law
D) Judicial decisions

A

B. Custom

102
Q

In International Law, judicial decisions are:
A) A primary source for creating new laws
B) Used as a subsidiary means to determine rules of law
C) Not recognized as a source of law
D) Solely based on treaties

A

B. Used as a subsidiary means to determine rules of law

103
Q

Which of the following accurately lists all four sources of International Law under Article 38 of the ICJ Statute?
A) Treaties, judicial decisions, political treaties, custom
B) International treaties, custom, general principles of law, judicial decisions and teachings
C) Economic sanctions, custom, judicial rulings, sovereignty principles
D) None of the above

A

B. International treaties, custom, general principles of law, judicial decisions and teachings

104
Q

Customary International Law is generally accepted as binding when:
A) States have followed a practice consistently out of a sense of legal obligation
B) It is written in a specific treaty
C) Only a few states observe the practice occasionally
D) None of the above

A

A. States have followed a practice consistently out of a sense of legal obligation

105
Q

International treaties and agreements become a source of law when:
A) They are ratified and entered into by states willing to be legally bound
B) They are created by non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
C) They are created but not signed by any parties
D) None of the above

A

A. They are ratified and entered into by states willing to be legally bound

106
Q

General principles of law provide guidance in International Law by:
A) Reflecting common legal practices shared by various major legal systems
B) Applying only to the domestic laws of powerful countries
C) Serving as economic agreements exclusively
D) Both B and C

A

A. Reflecting common legal practices shared by various major legal systems

107
Q

In the context of International Law, judicial decisions are used to:
A) Define laws within national borders
B) Provide interpretations and clarify existing laws
C) Establish sovereignty of a state
D) Negotiate trade terms exclusively

A

B. Provide interpretations and clarify existing laws

108
Q

Which of the following sources can include the contributions of influential legal scholars?
A) Judicial decisions and teachings
B) Custom exclusively
C) Economic treaties
D) None of the above

A

A. Judicial decisions and teachings

109
Q

International treaties and agreements are primarily:
A) Informal arrangements between states
B) Formal, binding legal agreements between states
C) Non-binding suggestions
D) None of the above

A

B. Formal, binding legal agreements between states

110
Q

Which of the following best describes international treaties?
A) Non-binding agreements based on voluntary participation
B) Explicit norms based on the consent of multiple states, creating binding obligations
C) Economic transactions only
D) Both A and C

A

B. Explicit norms based on the consent of multiple states, creating binding obligations

111
Q

The principle of pacta sunt servanda in international treaties means that:
A) Treaties are not binding
B) Treaties must be observed and upheld
C) Treaties only apply when convenient
D) None of the above

A

B. Treaties must be observed and upheld

112
Q

The principle of rebus sic stantibus allows for exceptions to treaty compliance when:
A) A fundamental change in original conditions occurs
B) All parties agree to ignore the treaty
C) A state unilaterally decides the treaty is inconvenient
D) None of the above

A

A. A fundamental change in original conditions occurs

113
Q

Which of the following is NOT a reason for invoking rebus sic stantibus?
A) Fraud or exploitation in the treaty’s creation
B) Unilateral dissatisfaction with the treaty terms
C) Fundamental changes under duress
D) Instrument of power used in creating the treaty

A

B. Unilateral dissatisfaction with the treaty terms

114
Q

The Korea-Japan Treaty of 1965 is often discussed in the context of:
A) Economic agreements
B) Issues related to “comfort women” and historical grievances
C) Trade regulations between Korea and Japan
D) Both A and C

A

B. Issues related to “comfort women” and historical grievances

115
Q

Which of the following international agreements is an example of a binding treaty?
A) UN Charter
B) 3rd Law of the Sea Convention (1982)
C) Montreal Protocol (1987)
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

116
Q

Treaties often codify existing practices or create new norms. Codification means:
A) Formally recording existing practices into a treaty
B) Developing entirely new norms without precedent
C) Ignoring historical practices
D) None of the above

A

A. Formally recording existing practices into a treaty

117
Q

Which of the following describes the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961)?
A) An informal agreement on trade between states
B) A formal treaty establishing diplomatic immunity and relations norms
C) A non-binding statement on environmental protection
D) Both A and C

A

B. A formal treaty establishing diplomatic immunity and relations norms

118
Q

The principle of pacta sunt servanda underpins the expectation that:
A) Treaties must be upheld by all parties involved
B) Treaties are optional guidelines
C) Only economically beneficial treaties need to be observed
D) None of the above

A

A. Treaties must be upheld by all parties involved

119
Q

Under rebus sic stantibus, a state may be excused from a treaty due to:
A) Exploitation or duress in the original treaty conditions
B) Minor inconveniences to the state
C) Disagreements with the treaty’s objectives
D) Both B and C

A

A. Exploitation or duress in the original treaty conditions

120
Q

Examples of international treaties include:
A) NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty)
B) Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

121
Q

The 3rd Law of the Sea Convention (1982) addresses:
A) Environmental regulations exclusively
B) Maritime boundaries, navigation rights, and exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
C) Airspace and aviation laws
D) None of the above

A

B. Maritime boundaries, navigation rights, and exclusive economic zones (EEZs)

122
Q

In International Law, the concept of “instrument of power” in rebus sic stantibus refers to:
A) Using a treaty to exploit or coerce other parties
B) Promoting fair and equal agreements
C) Providing economic incentives
D) Both B and C

A

A. Using a treaty to exploit or coerce other parties

123
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs treaties with their focus areas?
A) UN Charter – foundational document of the United Nations
B) Montreal Protocol – regulation of substances depleting the ozone layer
C) NPT – prevention of nuclear weapon proliferation
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

124
Q

In customary international law, a rule is established when it is followed universally and:
A) Once only
B) Repeatedly as a regular practice
C) Practiced exclusively in one state
D) None of the above

A

B. Repeatedly as a regular practice

125
Q

State practice in the context of customary international law refers to:
A) Official actions and behavior by states that form a consistent practice
B) Only verbal agreements between states
C) National laws that do not cross borders
D) None of the above

A

A. Official actions and behavior by states that form a consistent practice

126
Q

Which of the following is an example of a rule derived from custom in International Law?
A) Diplomatic immunity
B) Territorial sea limits and EEZ
C) Exemption of noncombatants from attack during wartime
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

127
Q

In customary international law, opinio juris means:
A) A custom recognized universally as law
B) A subjective belief by states that they are legally bound by a custom
C) Only a customary habit without legal obligation
D) None of the above

A

B. A subjective belief by states that they are legally bound by a custom

128
Q

For a practice to be considered customary international law, it must be:
A) Applied selectively
B) Universally accepted and practiced with a belief in legal obligation
C) Limited to regional agreements
D) Optional for states to follow

A

B. Universally accepted and practiced with a belief in legal obligation

129
Q

Which document specifies that custom in International Law must be “accepted as law”?
A) United Nations Charter
B) ICJ Statute Article 38(1)(b)
C) Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
D) None of the above

A

B. ICJ Statute Article 38(1)(b)

130
Q

The principle of opinio juris requires that states:
A) Follow customs purely out of habit
B) Believe that they are legally bound by a custom
C) Disregard international laws that are inconvenient
D) Both A and C

A

B. Believe that they are legally bound by a custom

131
Q

An example of state practice that could form customary law is:
A) Diplomatic immunity
B) Private business contracts
C) Local government regulations
D) Both B and C

A

A. Diplomatic immunity

132
Q

The Paquette Habana case established that capturing fishing vessels as prizes of war violated:
A) The law of the sea exclusively
B) Customary international law
C) National regulations of Spain
D) None of the above

A

B. Customary international law

133
Q

In the Paquette Habana case, the United States Supreme Court recognized:
A) Fishing vessels as legitimate prizes of war
B) The applicability of customary international law in U.S. courts
C) That customary international law does not apply to the United States
D) None of the above

A

B. The applicability of customary international law in U.S. courts

134
Q

Examples of customary international law include:
A) Diplomatic immunity and noncombatant exemptions in war
B) International trade regulations
C) Election laws within a state
D) Both B and C

A

A. Diplomatic immunity and noncombatant exemptions in war

135
Q

North Korea’s violations of the Korea Air Defense Identification Zone (KADIZ) and NLL could be considered violations of:
A) Customary international law, depending on established norms and opinio juris
B) Domestic policy agreements
C) Only economic treaties
D) None of the above

A

A. Customary international law, depending on established norms and opinio juris

136
Q

For a custom to be binding under international law, the involved parties must:
A) Be members of the United Nations
B) Accept it as a binding law and practice it as a legal obligation
C) Follow it only when convenient
D) Have no specific belief regarding the practice

A

B. Accept it as a binding law and practice it as a legal obligation

137
Q

In customary international law, the term opinio juris refers to:
A) Customs accepted as legally obligatory
B) Customs based on economic incentives
C) Only those customs created within a domestic setting
D) None of the above

A

A. Customs accepted as legally obligatory

138
Q

The Paquette Habana case is significant because it demonstrated:
A) The U.S. Supreme Court’s recognition of customary international law in national courts
B) That fishing vessels were acceptable prizes of war
C) That domestic law is superior to international law
D) None of the above

A

A. The U.S. Supreme Court’s recognition of customary international law in national courts

139
Q

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) was established in:
A) 1920
B) 1945
C) 1986
D) None of the above

A

B. 1945

140
Q

The ICJ is a formal organ of which organization?
A) The European Union
B) The United Nations
C) The International Monetary Fund
D) None of the above

A

B. The United Nations

141
Q

Where is the ICJ located?
A) New York, United States
B) Geneva, Switzerland
C) The Hague, Netherlands
D) Brussels, Belgium

A

C. The Hague, Netherlands

142
Q

The ICJ is comprised of how many judges?
A) 9
B) 12
C) 15
D) 21

A

C. 15

143
Q

The two main types of cases handled by the ICJ are:
A) Contentious and advisory cases
B) Civil and criminal cases
C) Diplomatic and administrative cases
D) None of the above

A

A. Contentious and advisory cases

144
Q

Does the ICJ have automatic jurisdiction over all UN member states?
A) Yes, by default
B) No, states must agree to ICJ jurisdiction
C) Only over major powers
D) None of the above

A

B. No, states must agree to ICJ jurisdiction

145
Q

The Optional Clause (Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute) allows states to:
A) Automatically accept ICJ jurisdiction without declaring
B) Declare they recognize ICJ jurisdiction as compulsory for all legal disputes
C) Opt-out of all ICJ rulings permanently
D) None of the above

A

B. Declare they recognize ICJ jurisdiction as compulsory for all legal disputes

146
Q

How many UN member states have officially declared acceptance of the Optional Clause for ICJ jurisdiction?
A) 193
B) 73
C) 121
D) None of the above

A

B. 73

147
Q

In the case of Nicaragua vs United States (1984), the ICJ ruled that the United States violated:
A) Only Nicaragua’s trade policies
B) Customary international law and specific treaty obligations
C) The law of the sea
D) None of the above

A

B. Customary international law and specific treaty obligations

148
Q

The Nicaragua vs United States case addressed which of the following violations by the United States?
A) Use of force against another state and intervention in its affairs
B) Violation of Nicaragua’s sovereignty and interruption of peaceful maritime commerce
C) Breach of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

149
Q

After the ICJ ruling in Nicaragua vs United States, the United States:
A) Accepted the ICJ’s compulsory jurisdiction
B) Withdrew from the ICJ’s compulsory jurisdiction
C) Became a permanent member of the ICJ
D) None of the above

A

B. Withdrew from the ICJ’s compulsory jurisdiction

150
Q

Which document or article allows states to accept ICJ jurisdiction as compulsory?
A) UN Charter Article 2
B) Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute (Optional Clause)
C) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation
D) None of the above

A

B. Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute (Optional Clause)

151
Q

The ICJ’s jurisdiction can be considered compulsory if:
A) The state accepts the Optional Clause in Article 36(2)
B) The ICJ rules that a case is within its authority regardless of consent
C) A case involves trade between two countries
D) None of the above

A

A. The state accepts the Optional Clause in Article 36(2)

152
Q

What type of cases does the ICJ not automatically have jurisdiction over?
A) Cases involving two consenting states
B) Cases where states have accepted the Optional Clause
C) Cases where states have not accepted ICJ jurisdiction
D) All of the above

A

C. Cases where states have not accepted ICJ jurisdiction

153
Q

The ICJ’s decision in Nicaragua vs United States emphasized:
A) That state sovereignty and non-interference are core principles of customary international law
B) That the ICJ has no authority in state matters
C) That states can ignore customary international law with no consequences
D) None of the above

A

A. That state sovereignty and non-interference are core principles of customary international law

154
Q

In International Law, common enforcement options include:
A) Sanctions
B) Retortion and reprisal
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

155
Q

Sanctions can be authorized by which international body through resolutions?
A) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
B) United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
C) World Trade Organization (WTO)
D) None of the above

A

B. United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

156
Q

How many UNSC resolutions have been issued against North Korea?
A) 5
B) 9
C) 12
D) None of the above

A

B. 9

157
Q

According to Professor Thomas Biersteker’s study on sanctions, UN sanctions were found to be effective or partially effective in signaling in:
A) 71% of cases
B) 50% of cases
C) 37% of cases
D) None of the above

A

A. 71% of cases

158
Q

Biersteker’s study concluded that UN sanctions were effective or partially effective in constraining in:
A) 71% of cases
B) 50% of cases
C) 37% of cases
D) None of the above

A

B. 50% of cases

159
Q

In the study by Biersteker, sanctions were found to be effective or partially effective in coercing the target in:
A) 71% of cases
B) 50% of cases
C) 37% of cases
D) None of the above

A

C. 37% of cases

160
Q

Which of the following are considered successful examples of sanctions?
A) South Africa abandoning apartheid (1994)
B) Libya ending its WMD program (2003)
C) Compliance by parties in Liberia with a peace agreement (2005)
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

161
Q

Sanctions have been less effective in achieving results with which countries?
A) North Korea
B) Russia
C) Iran
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

162
Q

The primary purposes of sanctions include:
A) Signaling to express disapproval
B) Constraining the target’s resources or actions
C) Coercing the target to change behavior
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

163
Q

Which of the following is a target of UN sanctions?
A) Mali and South Sudan
B) Central African Republic and Libya
C) Guinea-Bissau and Yemen
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

164
Q

Retortion in international enforcement refers to:
A) Economic sanctions only
B) Legal but unfriendly actions taken in response to another state’s actions
C) The seizure of assets of foreign nationals
D) None of the above

A

B. Legal but unfriendly actions taken in response to another state’s actions

165
Q

A well-known success of international sanctions was:
A) The Soviet Union agreeing to disarm
B) South Africa abandoning apartheid
C) North Korea’s agreement to nuclear non-proliferation
D) None of the above

A

B. South Africa abandoning apartheid

166
Q

Examples of failures of sanctions include:
A) Inability to change North Korea’s policies
B) Limited impact on Russia’s actions
C) Ineffective coercion on Iran
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

167
Q

Professor Thomas Biersteker’s study on sanctions covered how many years of data?
A) 10 years
B) 15 years
C) 22 years
D) None of the above

A

C. 22 years

168
Q

UN sanctions are often imposed to achieve which of the following goals?
A) Signal disapproval, constrain resources, and coerce behavior change
B) Force military intervention
C) Isolate states without any clear objectives
D) None of the above

A

A. Signal disapproval, constrain resources, and coerce behavior change

169
Q

One of the primary goals of International Law in conflict resolution is to:
A) Promote military expansion
B) Prevent war and minimize human suffering
C) Establish trade regulations exclusively
D) None of the above

A

B. Prevent war and minimize human suffering

170
Q

The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were significant because they:
A) Established the first multilateral treaties addressing the conduct of warfare
B) Focused only on trade agreements
C) Outlawed all forms of diplomacy
D) None of the above

A

A. Established the first multilateral treaties addressing the conduct of warfare

171
Q

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 aimed to:
A) Outlaw trade between hostile states
B) Outlaw war as a means of resolving disputes
C) Enforce colonial expansion
D) Both A and C

A

B. Outlaw war as a means of resolving disputes

172
Q

According to Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, member states are required to refrain from:
A) Economic competition with each other
B) The threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state
C) Developing independent foreign policies
D) None of the above

A

B. The threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state

173
Q

The Hague Conventions were the first international treaties to:
A) Regulate the conduct of warfare
B) Outlaw all forms of military service
C) Establish environmental regulations
D) Both B and C

A

A. Regulate the conduct of warfare

174
Q

The Kellogg-Briand Pact is notable in International Law because it was an attempt to:
A) Permanently prevent war through an international agreement
B) Regulate maritime boundaries
C) Enforce environmental protections
D) Establish economic sanctions

A

A. Permanently prevent war through an international agreement

175
Q

UN Charter Article 2(4) contributes to international stability by prohibiting:
A) Economic aid to developing countries
B) The use of force in international relations
C) Legal protections for non-combatants exclusively
D) None of the above

A

B. The use of force in international relations

176
Q

Which of the following treaties aimed to prevent war?
A) The Hague Conventions
B) Kellogg-Briand Pact
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

177
Q

International Law contributes to the peace and stability of the international system by:
A) Reducing conflicts and setting guidelines for peaceful interactions
B) Enforcing tariffs exclusively
C) Preventing countries from having independent foreign policies
D) None of the above

A

A. Reducing conflicts and setting guidelines for peaceful interactions

178
Q

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed with the primary purpose of:
A) Outlawing war as a tool for international policy
B) Regulating international trade
C) Enforcing colonial rules
D) None of the above

A

A. Outlawing war as a tool for international policy

179
Q

The purpose of the Hague Conventions was to:
A) Develop peaceful solutions to conflicts and regulate warfare conduct
B) Outlaw trade between conflicting nations
C) Enforce economic sanctions exclusively
D) Both B and C

A

A. Develop peaceful solutions to conflicts and regulate warfare conduct

180
Q

The UN Charter’s Article 2(4) promotes international peace by:
A) Allowing force in territorial disputes
B) Mandating peaceful relations among states and prohibiting the use of force
C) Establishing economic penalties for non-compliance
D) None of the above

A

B. Mandating peaceful relations among states and prohibiting the use of force

181
Q

Which of the following are examples of treaties or agreements aimed at preventing war?
A) The Hague Conventions and the Kellogg-Briand Pact
B) UN Charter Article 2(4)
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

182
Q

The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) was intended to:
A) Formally outlaw the use of war as a solution to international conflicts
B) Protect economic resources from other countries
C) Regulate the terms of international trade
D) Both B and C

A

A. Formally outlaw the use of war as a solution to international conflicts

183
Q

International Law helps maintain peace by:
A) Creating frameworks for resolving conflicts peacefully
B) Promoting adherence to rules that discourage force
C) Establishing treaties that regulate war conduct
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

184
Q

The Tokdo/Takeshima dispute involves a territorial conflict between which two countries?
A) Japan and South Korea
B) China and Taiwan
C) North Korea and Russia
D) None of the above

A

A. Japan and South Korea

185
Q

Why hasn’t Japan or South Korea taken the Tokdo/Takeshima issue to the ICJ?
A) Both countries have unresolved historical issues
B) Neither country has agreed to ICJ jurisdiction for this matter
C) The ICJ has declined to take the case
D) Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

186
Q

The ICJ’s stance on imperialism and historical background might influence:
A) How it interprets long-standing territorial disputes
B) Its ability to enforce military resolutions
C) The economic relations between Japan and South Korea
D) Both B and C

A

A. How it interprets long-standing territorial disputes

187
Q

The Minquiers and Ecrehos Case (1953) involved a territorial dispute between:
A) The United States and Canada
B) Japan and South Korea
C) The United Kingdom and France
D) China and Taiwan

A

C. The United Kingdom and France

188
Q

In the Minquiers and Ecrehos Case, the ICJ awarded the territory to the UK based on:
A) France’s historical claim alone
B) The UK’s legal and administrative jurisdiction over the reefs
C) Economic benefit for the UK
D) Both A and C

A

B. The UK’s legal and administrative jurisdiction over the reefs

189
Q

In the Preah Vihear Temple Case (1962), the ICJ ruled in favor of:
A) Thailand
B) Cambodia
C) Both Thailand and Cambodia
D) None of the above

A

B. Cambodia

190
Q

The ICJ awarded the Preah Vihear Temple to Cambodia because:
A) Thailand had not corrected the map error despite the temple being on Cambodia’s side
B) Cambodia had stronger historical ties to the temple
C) The temple was economically beneficial for Cambodia
D) Both B and C

A

A. Thailand had not corrected the map error despite the temple being on Cambodia’s side

191
Q

The Preah Vihear Temple Case illustrates the importance of:
A) Legal consistency and timely objections in territorial disputes
B) Economic benefit in resolving territorial disputes
C) Environmental impact on territorial rulings
D) Both B and C

A

A. Legal consistency and timely objections in territorial disputes

192
Q

One reason Japan and South Korea may avoid bringing the Tokdo/Takeshima dispute to the ICJ is:
A) Concerns about ICJ bias due to historical factors
B) A lack of legal precedent in similar ICJ cases
C) The certainty of economic losses for both countries
D) Both B and C

A

A. Concerns about ICJ bias due to historical factors

193
Q

In ICJ territorial dispute cases, decisions often rely on:
A) Historical claims exclusively
B) Legal and administrative jurisdiction
C) Environmental assessments
D) Both A and C

A

B. Legal and administrative jurisdiction

194
Q

Which of the following is a key factor in ICJ rulings on territorial disputes?
A) Timing of objections to claims
B) Legal and administrative records of jurisdiction
C) International public opinion
D) Both A and B

A

D. Both A and B

195
Q

The ICJ’s decision in the Minquiers and Ecrehos Case suggests that:
A) Historical claims alone may not be enough for a favorable ruling
B) All territorial claims will favor the oldest historical claim
C) Economic advantage is the main criterion for territorial disputes
D) None of the above

A

A. Historical claims alone may not be enough for a favorable ruling

196
Q

Which of the following is a possible outcome if the Tokdo/Takeshima issue is brought to the ICJ?
A) Japan or South Korea may have to provide evidence of jurisdictional control
B) The ICJ could dismiss historical arguments if not legally supported
C) The ICJ might consider a balanced outcome based on past similar cases
D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

197
Q

In cases like Tokdo/Takeshima, a reluctance to approach the ICJ might stem from:
A) Fear of losing control based on a ruling that could favor the other country
B) The complex historical background influencing perceptions of the ICJ’s objectivity
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C. Both A and B

198
Q

The ICJ’s involvement in resolving territorial disputes such as the Tokdo/Takeshima issue depends on:
A) Both Japan and South Korea consenting to its jurisdiction
B) Economic benefits from the disputed area
C) ICJ’s automatic jurisdiction over territorial disputes
D) None of the above

A

A. Both Japan and South Korea consenting to its jurisdiction

IR finals (3 decks)

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