LESSON 3

Question 1

plays a crucial role in Human
Computer Interaction by examining how users perceive, think, and learn when interacting with digital systems

Answer 1

Cognitive psychology

Question 2

refers to how users interpret and make sense of
sensory information

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

• Cognitive psychology plays a crucial role in Human
  Computer Interaction ( by examining how users
  perceive, think, and learn when interacting with digital
  systems
• Understanding these cognitive processes helps designers
  create interfaces that are __, __, and ___

Answer 3

intuitive, efficient, and user
friendly

Question 4

Key aspects of perception in HCI
include:

Answer 4

• Gestalt Principles
• Visual Hierarchy
• Affordance
• Memory
• Learning

Question 4

These principles explain how users
tend to group elements (e g
proximity, similarity, closure)
to interpret interface layouts
as cohesive

Answer 4

Gestalt Principles

Question 5

Gestalt principles

Answer 5

Good Figure
Similarity
Closure
Proximity
Continuation
symmetry

Question 6

: Designers use
size, color, and contrast to guide
users’ attention to critical
elements.

Answer 6

Visual Hierarchy

Question 7

Refers to how the design of an object implies its
function For instance, a button with a 3 D appearance suggests it can
be clicked

Answer 7

Affordance

Question 8

Human memory is divided into different types that affect how
users interact with systems:

Answer 8

Short Term Memory (STM)
Long Term Memory (LTM)

Question 9

Users rely on their past experiences with
similar systems Designers should ensure consistency across
interfaces to leverage users’ existing knowledge, improving usability
and reducing learning curves

Answer 9

Long Term Memory (LTM)

Question 9

Users can only hold limited information
(about 5 9 items) at a time This influences interface design
avoiding cognitive overload by minimizing unnecessary information
on the screen

Answer 9

Short Term Memory (STM)

Question 10

___ in HCI emphasize how users acquire
knowledge about using a system.

Answer 10

Cognitive learning theories or learning

Question 11

: Systems can help users explore through feedback
mechanisms, reinforcing learning by showing correct and incorrect
actions.

Answer 11

Trial and Error

Question 12

knowledge about using a system. Interfaces should facilitate:(LEARNING)

Answer 12

Trial and Error
Consistency and Predictability

Question 13

: These elements help users form
mental models, allowing them to anticipate outcomes, leading to
faster learning and fewer mistakes.

Answer 13

Consistency and Predictability

Question 13

Developed by Card, Moran, and Newell in 1983, the __ ___ ___ simulates human cognition as a combination of perceptual,
motor, and cognitive systems. It is based on three systems:

Answer 13

Model Human Processor (MHP)

Question 14

aim to describe and predict user behavior when
interacting with computers. These models help designers understand
how users perform tasks, make decisions, and process information.

Answer 14

Cognitive models

Question 15

Model Human Processor (MHP) three systems

Answer 15

Perceptual System
Cognitive System
Motor System

Question 16

: Processes sensory inputs (visual, auditory)

Answer 16

Perceptual System

Question 17

: Converts decisions into physical actions, like typing or
clicking

Answer 17

Motor System

Question 18

: Controls memory, learning, and decision making.

Answer 18

Cognitive System

Question 19

__ emphasizes the time constraints imposed by human cognition,
guiding designers in creating interfaces that align with human reaction
times and attention spans

Answer 19

Model Human Processor (MHP)

Question 20

MHP in HCI Design This model helps HCI designers optimize user interfaces by:

Answer 20

Reducing cognitive load
Minimizing motor effort
Improving cognitive flow

Question 20

: Ensuring that key elements (like the search
bar) are easily perceivable and follow familiar patterns (e.g., a
magnifying glass symbol).

Answer 20

Reducing cognitive load

Question 21

: Using features like auto suggestions to reduce
the number of keystrokes required.

Answer 21

Minimizing motor effort

Question 22

: Providing clear visual hierarchy and reducing
distractions so users can quickly retrieve their goal and take action.

Answer 22

Improving cognitive flow

Question 23

The GOMS model, also developed by Card, Moran, and
Newell, breaks down user tasks into four components:

Answer 23

(Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection Rules)

Question 24

: The desired outcomes of a task (e.g., “send an email”)

Answer 24

Goals

Question 25

: Actions performed to achieve goals (e.g., “click on the
compose button”).

Answer 25

Operators

Question 26

: Procedures or strategies used to accomplish the task
(e.g., using a keyboard shortcut or mouse)

Answer 26

Methods

Question 27

: Criteria for choosing between different methods
(e.g., familiarity or efficiency)

Answer 27

Selection Rules

Question 28

This model helps designers identify and streamline task
workflows, reducing complexity and increasing efficiency.

Answer 28

GOMS Model

Question 29

• is a cognitive model used to analyze the user’s interaction with
  a system.
  *
  It helps understand the user’s goals, the actions they take, and
  the reasoning behind their choices.

Answer 29

GOMS Model

Question 30

• __ __ predicts the time required to move to and select a target
  based on its size and distance
• This law is fundamental in UI/UX design, ensuring that frequently
  used elements (e g buttons or links) are larger and easily accessible

Answer 30

Fitts Law

Question 31

Norman’s Seven Stages of Action

Answer 31

1. Forming the goal
2. Forming the intention
3. Specifying the action
4. Executing the action
5. Perceiving the state of the system
6. Interpreting the state
7. Evaluating the outcome

Question 31

• The __ __ __ is a simplified version of GOMS,
  focusing on the physical actions involved in completing tasks,
  such as keystrokes and mouse clicks
• __ estimates the time required to perform each action,
  helping optimize interface designs for speed and efficiency

Answer 31

Keystroke Level Model

Question 32

are the internal representations that users
form about how systems work

These models influence how users interact with interfaces and
predict system responses

Answer 32

Mental models

Question 33

: What the user wants to achieve

Answer 33

1. Forming the goal

Question 34

: Determining which action is needed

Answer 34

3. Specifying the action

Question 35

: How the user plans to achieve it

Answer 35

2. Forming the intention

Question 36

: Understanding if the action worked.

Answer 36

6. Interpreting the state

Question 36

: Performing the action (e.g., clicking a button)

Answer 36

4. Executing the action

Question 37

: Observing feedback from the
system.

Answer 37

5. Perceiving the state of the system

Question 38

: Assessing if the goal was achieved

Answer 38

7. Evaluating the outcome :

Question 39

7 stage of shopping online

Answer 39

Set goals
Form intention
Specify what to do
Execute action sequence
Check what happens at the interface
Interpret it
Evaluate it with respect goal

Question 40

Understanding cognitive models allows HCI professionals to design better
interfaces by:

Answer 40

• Reducing Cognitive Load
• Providing Feedback
• Consistency
• Affordances and Cues

Question 41

: Minimizing unnecessary information and
simplifying decision making processes to prevent overwhelming users.

Answer 41

Reducing Cognitive Load

Question 42

: Clear and immediate feedback lets users know if their
actions were successful.

Answer 42

Providing Feedback

Question 43

: Ensuring that elements behave similarly across different parts
of the system helps users build accurate mental models, reducing the need
for re learning.

Answer 43

Consistency

Question 44

: Visual and interactive cues that clearly convey what
actions are possible help users form correct expectations.

Answer 44

Affordances and Cues