Lesson 3 Flashcards
a complicated and disjointed movement upon whose periods and actors historians do not always agree.
Scientific Revolution
He believed that the Earth was at the center of the solar system- a concept known as geocentrism
Claudius Ptolemy
He introduce a new concept known as heliocentrism, which suggested that the Sun is the center of the Solar system
Nicolaus Copernicus
The Birth of Modern Astronomy.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION (16th Century)
was an Italian mathematician and philosopher. He was the first to study the sky with a telescope. Galileo had 4 major discoveries:
1.Moon has mountains, valleys, and craters.
2. Sunspots on Sun, has imperfections, and it rotates.
3. Jupiter has moons.
4. Venus had phases which meant that it orbited the Sun
Galileo
made the most precise positional measurements made to that time of the planets
Tycho Brahe
undertook the first real astrometric study of the planets and deduced 3 empirical laws that described the motions of the planets.
Johannes Kepler
given two equally good explanations of the same observation, the simpler one is generally preferred. Kepler’s model clearly wins on that regard
Occam’s Razor
made use of Kepler’s laws when he formulated his laws of motion and universal gravitation
Isaac Newton
transformed the way we understand the natural world with ideas that, in his day, were nothing short of revolutionary
the origin of Species
He stated that organism have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive , a process known as evolution.
Charles Robert Darwin
the context of the theory of evolution to illustrate that all species on Earth are related and evolved from a common ancestor.
The tips of the branches show the species that are still alive today. The tree also shows those that are now extinct. Darwin explained:
‘From the first growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off; and these fallen branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only in a fossil state
Orders, families and genera are all groups that can be used to classify organisms
The lines on the tree show evolutionary relationships between species. For example, a recent version of the tree of life would show a line between some types of dinosaurs and the earliest birds, as scientists reason that birds evolved from a particular lineage of dinosaurs
This means that species that are closely related are found close together stemming from the same branch. For example, humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans are all great apes, so they all belong to the same branch of the tree of life
Tree of Life
founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness, and also a theory which explains human behavior and emotions.
Sigmund Freud
he purpose of this therapy is to make the unconscious conscious
“Psychoanalysis”
the features of the mind’s structure and function. Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind.
topographical model of mind
This focus on our present state of mind. For example, you may be feeling hungry right now at this moment, and decide to eat.
Conscious Mind
This mind is what you can retrieve from memory. These memories and ideas might be unconscious at a certain moment, but are not repressed. For example, the names of your elementary teachers are part of your preconscious memory.
Preconscious Mind
This mind is consist of primitive impulses, wishes or desires that is facilitated by the preconscious mind such as frightening or painful events for a person to acknowledge. These desires are expressed in “slip of the tongue” or “Freudian slip”.
Subconscious Mind
to make the unconscious conscious.
goal of psychoanalysis
comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros
Id
or life instinct, helps the individual to survive; it directs life-sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex (Freud, 1925). The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido
Eros
or death instinct, is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human beings (Freud, 1920)
Thanatos
desires an acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id since it controls the conscious and unconscious mind
Ego
drives us to follow rules based on the principle of morality that caused us to be socially responsible and behave in an acceptable manner
Superego
middle”
“Mesos
- They are considered as the mother culture of Mesoamerica
-The top of their society lived in ceremonial centers, which includes priests and nobles and the normal people dwelt in farming villages surrounded by the elites
-Their rulers portrayed their rituals on colossal heads carved from volcanic rocks
THE OLMECS (1500 B.C. – 400 B.C.)
They are believed to be one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica
They developed methods in farming such as raised bed farming
They have organized city – state, although not bound politically, but economically they developed numbering system like the concept of zero
One of the world’s first systems of writing known as “Mayan Hieroglyphics” were used in recording their astronomical observations, rituals and religion
Unfortunately, their writings were burnt when Spanish conquerors invaded them
Developed ways in measuring time, using two calendar systems – 365 days solar calendar and a 260 days ritual calendar
MAYANS (300 B.C. – 900 A.D.)
They constructed roads paved with stones
They were able to grow crops in all types of land by constructing irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops.
Constructed the first suspension bridge
The Incas used a system of knotted ropes to keep records that can only be interpreted by experts known as the “quipu”
They built buildings that can surmount earthquakes and other disasters
INCA
Even though they believed that diseases were a punishment from gods, they still use herbs and medicine for treatment
They built empire consist of a ruler with his council which includes nobles, priest, and military leaders
Built “chinampas”, known as floating gardens to plant their crops
They put value on education where children are mandated to get education despite of their social status, gender or age.
This is actually an early form of universal or inclusive education.
Chocolates – Aztecs highly regarded cacao beans and used it as one of their tributes to their gods
They also invented a light narrow boat used for travelling in water systems called the “canoe”
AZTECS (12TH – 15TH CENTURY)
The whole of Roman Empire gave a high regard to the metallurgical works of India and considered it to be the best. Before 2500 B.C. they developed a system of traditional medicine known as “Ayurveda”.
Some of their works in Astronomy includes the ideas of spherical self supporting Earth and their 360 days calendar divided into 12 parts with 30 days each
The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge is believed to have appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization as they tried to standardized measurement with high accuracy and designed ruler – the “Mohenjo Daro ruler”
INDIA
China is one of the ancient civilization who has considerable contributions in different areas of life such as medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics arts, philosophy, music and so on. They have also influenced their neighboring countries including the Philippines, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and other countries that belongs to the old Silk Road.
Chinese are known for their traditional medicines, using different plants and animals to cure human illness like the practice of acupuncture
Some of their notable inventions such as compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools that became popular in the West by the end of the Middle Ages
They have invented the first seismological detector
Supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses were carefully recorded and preserved
Chinese lunar calendar can be traced back to the 14th century B.C. Myths say that Emperor Huangdi, the first Chinese emperor, in 2637 B.C. invented the Chinese lunar calendar, which follows the cycles of the moon
china
MIDDLE EAST
Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to be familiar with the direction of the Qublah
Al Idrisi produced accurate maps in 1166 including world map with continents, mountains, rivers and famous cities
A geographer, Al – Muqdishi also produced an accurate colored map
Muslims are regarded as great navigators for the expeditions of other countries
In fact, Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus imported Muslim navigators
Contributions to Geography:
MIDDLE EAST
They used zero and decimal system
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al – Khwārizmī of early 9th century introduced algebra in solving equation
Contributions to mathematics:
MIDDLE EAST
The Arabs use human cadaver to
understand anatomy and physiology
Avicenna wrote an encyclopedia of medical knowledge
Contributions in medicine
Similar to other Eastern civilizations, the Africans are also pioneers of some advancements in science and technology and they worked independently without the influence of European science
They used the first method of counting as substantiated by the Lebombo Bone, the oldest known mathematical artifact in the world
They may have use it in division, multiplication, or simple mathematical equation
They developed advance techniques for furnace which is hotter than the ones used by the Romans
One of the wonders of the world, the 11 interconnected rock – hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia
They pioneered some medical practices such as installation of false teeth, filling of dental cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction, vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting and autopsy
They built boats with different sizes, with the largest that can carry up to 80 tons
They used plants like the bark of Salix capensis as source of aspirin, kaopectate for treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria in producing reserpine used for hypertension and snakebite
Egyptians developed the basic concepts of algebra and geometry
AFRICA
