Lesson 3 Flashcards by Gerand Parawan

is a device that makes our work easier. It helps us to complete our task easily and speedily.

Computer

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are tiny device that are used to store 2 values 1 and 0 or on and off.

Transistors

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is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do, when to do, and how to do.

Software

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converts our code into machine language that can be understood by computer.

Interpreter

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A stored program computer has the following 4 basic units:

Processor
Memory
I/O System
Data-Path and Control

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is the center for manipulation and control.

Processor

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is the storage for instructions for currently executing programs.

Memory

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is a controller which communicates with “external” devices: secondary, memory, display devices and networks.

I/O System

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are collection of parallel wires, transmits data, instructions, or control signals.

Data Path and Control

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defines the ways in which the above components are interconnected and controlled. It is the capabilities and performance characteristics of those principal functional units.

Computer Organization

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can have a number of organizational implementations, and organization differs between different computer versions.

Architecture

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is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating-point numbers.

floating-point coprocessor

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is a digital circuit that tries to guess which way a branch will go before this is known definitively.

Branch predictor

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The purpose of the _____ is to improve the flow in the instruction pipeline.

branch predictor

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refers to systems based on 32-bit processors generally compatible with the Intel Pentium® II processor, (for example, Intel® Pentium® 4 processor or Intel® Xeon® processor), or processors from other manufacturers supporting the same instruction set, running a 32-bit operating system.

IA-32 Architecture

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is a single instruction, multiple data instruction set architecture designed by Intel, introduced on January 8, 1997 with its Pentium P5 based line of microprocessors, named “Pentium with MMX Technology”.

MMX

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is a modified form of Fast Page Mode (FPM) memory, common in the 1980s and 1990s that allows timing overlap between each new data access cycle.

EDO (Extended Data Output)

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which synchronizes itself with the CPU bus and runs at higher clock speeds, PC66 at 66 MHz, and also PC100 at 100MHz. This tends to increase the number of instructions that the processor can perform in a given time.

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

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a DRAM with a very high bandwidth, 800MHz.

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)

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is a dynamic or power-refreshed RAM, also known as cached DRAM.

Enhanced DRAM

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is a type of random-access memory which is completely embedded in the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

EDRAM (Embedded DRAM)

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deals with the selection of the basic functional units such as the processor and memory, and how they should be interconnected into a computer system.

Computer Organization

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is a computer software designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself, typically to be used by end-users.

Application software

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is a computer software designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself, typically to be used by end-users.

Application software

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is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.

System Software

is a general term for various physical components of a computer system.

System Hardware

is an expression of a program in a language that the computer can understand.

Computer Programming

is a set of components that interact to accomplish an objective.

System

includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing unit, random access memory, monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.

Computer Hardware

is a control unit that saves binary control values as words in memory.

Microprogrammed control unit

gives instructions as 0's and 1's and is the only language that the computer understands.

Machine language

is a type of low-level programming language that is intended to communicate directly with a computer's hardware. It is considered low-level because it is very close to machine languages.

Assembly language

is an abbreviation for an operation. It's entered in the operation code field of each assembler program instruction.

Mnemonic

is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages.

HLL (High-Level Language)

is a computer software package that performs a specific function for an end user or another application based on carefully designed features.

Application program

A Simple Computer System is comprised of three major components –

processor, memory, I/O

Basic Computer Organization Process:

1. Inputting 2. Storing 3. Processing 4. Outputting 5. Controlling

is a process of entering data and instructions into a computer system.

Inputting

is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer.

Keyboard

The keys on the keyboard are (5)?

1. Typing Keys 2. Numeric Keypad 3. Function Keys 4. Control Keys 5. Special Purpose Keys

is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Mouse

is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends.

Joystick

is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

Light pen

is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computers, instead of a mouse. This is a ball that is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

Track Ball

is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.

Scanner

is an input device that converts analog information into digital form. It can convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a computer.

Digitizer

is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

Microphone

is generally used in banks as there is a large number of cheques to be processed every day.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

is an input device used to read printed text.

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

is a device used for reading bar-coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines).

Bar Code Reader

is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

is used to save data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or additional processing when required.

Storing

can be found installed in almost every desktop and laptop computer. It stores files for the operating system and software programs as well as user documents, such as photographs, text files, videos, and audio.

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

Also known as a diskette, floppy, or FDD, the _____ is another type of storage medium that uses magnetic storage technology to store information.

Floppy disk drive (FDD)

was often used for digital data storage because of its low cost and ability to store large amounts of data.

Magnetic tapes

is a form of optical storage, a technology that employs lasers and lights to read and write data.

Compact Disc (CD)

are formats of digital optical disc data storage which have superseded compact discs, mainly because of their much greater storage capacity.

DVD (digital versatile disc)

can hold more information than other optical media, because of the blue lasers that the disc drives use.

Blu-ray Discs

is generally more efficient and reliable than optical media, being smaller, faster, and possessing much greater storage capacity.

USB Flash Drives

are commonly used in multiple electronic devices, including digital cameras and mobile phones.

Secure Digital Cards (SD Cards)

uses flash memory to store data and is sometimes used in devices such as netbooks, laptops, and desktop computers instead of a traditional hard disk drive.

Solid-State Drives (SSDs)

basically involves accessing services over a network via a collection of remote servers

Cloud Storage

were a common method of data storage used with early computers. Basically, they consisted of a paper card with punched or perforated holes created by hand or machine.

Punch Cards

What are the 6 Common Causes of Digital Data Loss?

1. Accidental deletions 2. Power failures 3. Spills, drops, and other physical accidents 4. Viruses and other forms of malware 5. Theft 6. Fires, floods, explosions, and other catastrophic events

is any hardware inside a computer that interprets and manipulates incoming data during this stage.

processing device

is a computing and telecommunications industry specification that describes how devices can communicate with each other.

Bluetooth

refers to a wireless electromagnetic signal used as a form of communication, if one is discussing wireless electronics.

radio frequency (RF) signal

are a form of electromagnetic radiation with identified radio frequencies that range from 3kHz to 300 GHz.

Radio waves

is the brain of the computer system where all types of data processing operations and all the important functions of a computer are performed

CPU

is a specific place on a motherboard that holds CPU processors in place.

CPU socket or CPU slot

is a computer program or device that provides a service to another computer program and its user

server

is a distinct mount used only for the CPU on the motherboard to ensure correct circuit chip insertion.

CPU socket

there are 3 types of CPU sockets, what are those?

1. PGA (PIN GRID ARRAY) 2. LGA (LAND GRID ARRAY) 3. BGA (BALL GRID ARRAY)

is the integrated circuit packaging standard used in most second- through fifth-generation processors.

Pin Grid Array (PGA)

is a CPU socket type where the metallic pins are located at the socket on the motherboard and the CPU is designed with flat gold contact pads located on the bottom of the CPU.

Land Grid Array (LGA)

is a CPU socket type that requires soldering the CPU on the CPU socket during installment using tiny solder dust then create a stronger bond and permanent link between the CPU and the CPU socket.

Ball Grid Array (BGA)

How Are CPU Sockets Cooled Down? (3)

1. Air Cooling – Fan 2. Liquid Cooling – Fan 3. Passive Cooling - Fanless

are used to describe different levels of protection against dust, water, and foreign body intrusion for electrical enclosures.

IP (Ingress Protection) ratings

is a measure of how reliable a hardware product or component is.

MTBF (mean time between failures)

is basically the electronic component or more precisely communication center and traffic controller in the CPU socket that manages the power and data flow among the CPU, RAM, storage drives, performance accelerators, etc. on the motherboard.

Chipset

The CPU consists of 3 major units, which are:

1. Memory or Storage Unit 2. Control Unit 3. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

is responsible for transferring information to other units of the computer when needed.

memory or storage unit

controls the operations of all parts of the computer but it does not carry out any data processing operations.

control unit

is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical functions or operations.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

ALU consists of two subsections, which are:

1. Arithmetic Section 2. Logic Section

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and all these operation and functions are performed by ALU.

Arithmetic Section

operations or functions like selecting, comparing, matching, and merging the data, and all these are performed by ALU.

Logic Section

is a programmable processor specialized for rendering all images on the computer's screen.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together.

Motherboard

provides a computer with a dedicated, full-time connection to a network

NIC (Network Interface Card)

is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

is also referred to as an audio output device, soundboard, or audio card. It is an expansion card or IC for producing sound on a computer that can be heard through speakers or headphones.

Sound card

is a process of producing useful results for a user, such as a printed report or visual display.

Outputting

are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

Monitors

Monitors are also called as?

Visual Display Unit (VDU)

is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line drawings on paper with one or more automated pens.

Graphic Plotter

is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

Printer

is a process that tells the computer's memory, arithmetic, logic unit, and input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor.

Controlling