Lesson 2 Flashcards
the architecture of a computer involves four components
the central processor, the primary memory, the instruction set, and the input/output structure.
has the primary task of controlling the system and performing all computations.
central processor
stores the program the computer is currently executing and whatever data is immediately needed by that program.
primary memory
determines how information gathering or distributing devices (e.g. terminals, printers, magnetic recording devices) may be attached to the computer and controlled by the central processor.
input/output structure
is not a physical component like the other three.
Rather, it comprises all of the computational or control operations that the central processor can be instructed to perform.
instruction set
show paths that data flows while passing through the computer
Solid lines
show the paths of control signals that direct the computer’s actions.
dashed lines
comprise the computer’s central processor.
arithmetic logic unit and the control unit
The chronological development of computers that are designed primarily for performance
mainframe systems
the fastest systems are called
supercomputers
is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) (John Mauchly, American engineer J. Presper Eckert, Jr.)
As the ENIAC approached completion, Eckert and Mauchly started planning a more powerful machine called the
EDVAC, or Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
was one of the last first-generation electronic computers.
BRLESC I (Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer)
was a binary serial computer with automated multiplication, addition, subtraction, and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory consisting of 1,024,44-bit words, thus giving a memory of 5.6 kilobytes in modern terms.
EDVAC
was developed by a team of engineers led by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, makers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
were instructions in the Atlas instruction set that, instead of actually performing a computation, would jump to a specific subprogram in the computer’s memory.
Extracodes
Since the beginning of computer programming, it has been a common practice for programmers to produce a large program by combining a number of smaller programs, called ?
subroutines
is a storage area in which items of data are stored on a last-in first-out basis
stack
a high-performance computer system for solving numerical problems coded in a high-level language, usually FORTRAN
supercomputer
Computer Architecture has progressed five generations:
- First Generation: 1946-1959 (Vacuum tube based)
- Second Generation: 1959-1965 (Transistor based)
- Third Generation: 1965-1971 (Integrated Circuit based)
- Fourth Generation: 1971-1980 (VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) microprocessor based)
- Fifth Generation: 1980-onwards (ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) microprocessor based)
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.
First generation
In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
Second generation
The computers of this generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
Third generation
this generation of computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
Fourth generation
The IC was invented by
Jack Kilby
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
Fifth generation
is a facet of computer architecture that transmits and shares data throughout the computer and between devices
system level bus
is accessed by address as if it were in the main memory that is not on the chip and the memory management unit will map the access to the cache memory as appropriate.
Memory
is accessed directly by specific instructions.
Register
Both memory and registers can be viewed as collections of
D flip-flops
The main difference is that registers (as ____memory) may actually be built from these flip-flops, while computer memory is fabricated from a different technology called _____memory.
static
dynamic
The CPU contains two types of registers
special purpose registers and general-purpose registers.
contain data used in computations and can be accessed directly by the computer program.
general-purpose registers
are used by the control unit to hold temporary results, access memory, and sequence the program execution.
special purpose registers
is one of the special purpose registers found on most computers.
program status register (PSR)
contains a number of bits to reflect the state of the CPU as well as the result of the most recent computation.
PSR
is when an interrupt is serviced, execution of the main program is halted.
Interrupt Service Routine
The central processing unit contains four major elements:
1) The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2) The control unit
3) The register file (including user registers and special-
purpose registers)
4) A set of buses used for communications within the CPU.
contains a number of general-purpose registers accessible to the assembly language operations (often numbered 0 through some positive integer) and a number of special-purpose registers not directly accessed by the program.
register file
contains the address of the assembly language instruction to be next executed.
program counter
contains the binary word corresponding to the machine
language version of the instruction currently being executed.
instruction register
contains the address of the word in the main memory
that is being accessed. The word being addressed contains either data or a machine language instruction to be executed.
memory address register
is the register used to communicate data to and from the memory.
memory buffer register
issues control signals that cause the CPU (and other components of the computer) to fetch the instruction to the IR (Instruction Register) and then execute the actions dictated by the machine language instruction that has been stored there.
control unit
uses combinational logic to produce the output.
hardwired control unit
In Computer Architecture, the General System Architecture is divided into two major classification units.
- Store Program Control Concept
- Flynn’s Classification of Computers
refers to the storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently.
Stored Program Control Concept
who proposed the Stored Program Control Concept ?
John Von Neumann
Stored Program Concept can be further classified in three basic ways:
- Von-Neumann Model
- General Purpose System
- Parallel Processing
is based on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
Von Neumann architecture
The part of the Computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the
Central Processing Unit or CPU
performs the required micro-operations for executing the instructions.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
controls the operations of components like ALU, memory and input/output devices.
Control Unit
consists of a program counter that contains the address of the instructions to be fetched and an instruction register into which instructions are fetched from memory for execution.
Control Unit
refer to high-speed storage areas in the CPU.
Registers
are the means by which information is shared between the registers in a multiple-register configuration system.
Buses
is a collection of storage cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of the storage.
Memory Unit
The memory stores binary information in groups of bits called
words
Two major types of memories are used in computer systems:
- RAM (Random Access Memory)
- ROM (Read-Only Memory)
is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device’s processor.
RAM
is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.
ROM
It is the modified version of the Von-Neumann Architecture.
General-Purpose Computer System
can be described as a class of techniques which enables the system to achieve simultaneous data-processing tasks to increase the computational speed of a computer system.
Parallel processing
perform the arithmetic operation with integer numbers.
adder and integer multiplier
are separated into three circuits operating in parallel.
floating-point operations
operations can be performed concurrently on different data. All units are independent of each other, so one number can be shifted while another number is being incremented.
logic, shift, and increment
In 1966, Michael J. Flynn, a Stanford professor proposed that a computer architecture can be classified into 4 major types:
- SISD – Single Instruction Single Data Architecture
- SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data Architecture
- MISD – Multiple Instruction Single Data Architecture
- MIMD – Multiple Instruction Multiple Data Architecture
is a single processor wherein it takes data from a single address in memory and performs a single instruction on the data at a time.
SISD
is the process of accumulating instruction from the processor through a pipeline. It allows storing and executing instructions in an orderly process.
Pipelining
is an online repository for information or it is some set of data.
Data pool
is a central location where data is stored and managed.
repository
is a some set of instruction.
Instruction pool
is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program
CPU
is a specialized processing unit with enhanced mathematical computation capability, ideal for computer graphics and machine-learning tasks.
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
means involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering.
Catastrophic
means flow of data and instructions.
Stream
forms the basis for the operation of a stored-program computer.
Fetch-Execute Cycle
