Lesson 2

Question 1

the architecture of a computer involves four components

Answer 1

the central processor, the primary memory, the instruction set, and the input/output structure.

Question 2

has the primary task of controlling the system and performing all computations.

Answer 2

central processor

Question 3

stores the program the computer is currently executing and whatever data is immediately needed by that program.

Answer 3

primary memory

Question 4

determines how information gathering or distributing devices (e.g. terminals, printers, magnetic recording devices) may be attached to the computer and controlled by the central processor.

Answer 4

input/output structure

Question 5

is not a physical component like the other three.
Rather, it comprises all of the computational or control operations that the central processor can be instructed to perform.

Answer 5

instruction set

Question 6

show paths that data flows while passing through the computer

Answer 6

Solid lines

Question 7

show the paths of control signals that direct the computer’s actions.

Answer 7

dashed lines

Question 8

comprise the computer’s central processor.

Answer 8

arithmetic logic unit and the control unit

Question 9

The chronological development of computers that are designed primarily for performance

Answer 9

mainframe systems

Question 10

the fastest systems are called

Answer 10

supercomputers

Question 11

is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States

Answer 11

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) (John Mauchly, American engineer J. Presper Eckert, Jr.)

Question 12

As the ENIAC approached completion, Eckert and Mauchly started planning a more powerful machine called the

Answer 12

EDVAC, or Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.

Question 13

was one of the last first-generation electronic computers.

Answer 13

BRLESC I (Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer)

Question 14

was a binary serial computer with automated multiplication, addition, subtraction, and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory consisting of 1,024,44-bit words, thus giving a memory of 5.6 kilobytes in modern terms.

Answer 14

EDVAC

Question 15

was developed by a team of engineers led by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, makers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer

Answer 15

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

Question 16

were instructions in the Atlas instruction set that, instead of actually performing a computation, would jump to a specific subprogram in the computer’s memory.

Answer 16

Extracodes

Question 17

Since the beginning of computer programming, it has been a common practice for programmers to produce a large program by combining a number of smaller programs, called ?

Answer 17

subroutines

Question 18

is a storage area in which items of data are stored on a last-in first-out basis

Answer 18

stack

Question 19

a high-performance computer system for solving numerical problems coded in a high-level language, usually FORTRAN

Answer 19

supercomputer

Question 20

Computer Architecture has progressed five generations:

Answer 20

1. First Generation: 1946-1959 (Vacuum tube based)
2. Second Generation: 1959-1965 (Transistor based)
3. Third Generation: 1965-1971 (Integrated Circuit based)
4. Fourth Generation: 1971-1980 (VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) microprocessor based)
5. Fifth Generation: 1980-onwards (ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) microprocessor based)

Question 21

In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Answer 21

First generation

Question 22

In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.

Answer 22

Second generation

Question 23

The computers of this generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.

Answer 23

Third generation

Question 24

this generation of computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Answer 24

Fourth generation

Question 25

The IC was invented by

Answer 25

Jack Kilby

Question 26

This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Answer 26

Fifth generation

Question 27

is a facet of computer architecture that transmits and shares data throughout the computer and between devices

Answer 27

system level bus

Question 28

is accessed by address as if it were in the main memory that is not on the chip and the memory management unit will map the access to the cache memory as appropriate.

Answer 28

Memory

Question 29

is accessed directly by specific instructions.

Answer 29

Register

Question 30

Both memory and registers can be viewed as collections of

Answer 30

D flip-flops

Question 31

The main difference is that registers (as ____memory) may actually be built from these flip-flops, while computer memory is fabricated from a different technology called _____memory.

Answer 31

static dynamic

Question 32

The CPU contains two types of registers

Answer 32

special purpose registers and general-purpose registers.

Question 33

contain data used in computations and can be accessed directly by the computer program.

Answer 33

general-purpose registers

Question 34

are used by the control unit to hold temporary results, access memory, and sequence the program execution.

Answer 34

special purpose registers

Question 35

is one of the special purpose registers found on most computers.

Answer 35

program status register (PSR)

Question 36

contains a number of bits to reflect the state of the CPU as well as the result of the most recent computation.

Answer 36

PSR

Question 37

is when an interrupt is serviced, execution of the main program is halted.

Answer 37

Interrupt Service Routine

Question 38

The central processing unit contains four major elements:

Answer 38

1) The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) 2) The control unit 3) The register file (including user registers and special- purpose registers) 4) A set of buses used for communications within the CPU.

Question 39

contains a number of general-purpose registers accessible to the assembly language operations (often numbered 0 through some positive integer) and a number of special-purpose registers not directly accessed by the program.

Answer 39

register file

Question 40

contains the address of the assembly language instruction to be next executed.

Answer 40

program counter

Question 41

contains the binary word corresponding to the machine language version of the instruction currently being executed.

Answer 41

instruction register

Question 42

contains the address of the word in the main memory that is being accessed. The word being addressed contains either data or a machine language instruction to be executed.

Answer 42

memory address register

Question 43

is the register used to communicate data to and from the memory.

Answer 43

memory buffer register

Question 44

issues control signals that cause the CPU (and other components of the computer) to fetch the instruction to the IR (Instruction Register) and then execute the actions dictated by the machine language instruction that has been stored there.

Answer 44

control unit

Question 45

uses combinational logic to produce the output.

Answer 45

hardwired control unit

Question 46

In Computer Architecture, the General System Architecture is divided into two major classification units.

Answer 46

1. Store Program Control Concept 2. Flynn's Classification of Computers

Question 47

refers to the storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently.

Answer 47

Stored Program Control Concept

Question 48

who proposed the Stored Program Control Concept ?

Answer 48

John Von Neumann

Question 49

Stored Program Concept can be further classified in three basic ways:

Answer 49

1. Von-Neumann Model 2. General Purpose System 3. Parallel Processing

Question 50

is based on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.

Answer 50

Von Neumann architecture

Question 51

The part of the Computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the

Answer 51

Central Processing Unit or CPU

Question 52

performs the required micro-operations for executing the instructions.

Answer 52

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Question 53

controls the operations of components like ALU, memory and input/output devices.

Answer 53

Control Unit

Question 54

consists of a program counter that contains the address of the instructions to be fetched and an instruction register into which instructions are fetched from memory for execution.

Answer 54

Control Unit

Question 55

refer to high-speed storage areas in the CPU.

Answer 55

Registers

Question 56

are the means by which information is shared between the registers in a multiple-register configuration system.

Answer 56

Buses

Question 57

is a collection of storage cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of the storage.

Answer 57

Memory Unit

Question 58

The memory stores binary information in groups of bits called

Answer 58

words

Question 59

Two major types of memories are used in computer systems:

Answer 59

1. RAM (Random Access Memory) 2. ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Question 60

is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor.

Answer 60

RAM

Question 61

is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.

Answer 61

ROM

Question 62

It is the modified version of the Von-Neumann Architecture.

Answer 62

General-Purpose Computer System

Question 63

can be described as a class of techniques which enables the system to achieve simultaneous data-processing tasks to increase the computational speed of a computer system.

Answer 63

Parallel processing

Question 64

perform the arithmetic operation with integer numbers.

Answer 64

adder and integer multiplier

Question 65

are separated into three circuits operating in parallel.

Answer 65

floating-point operations

Question 66

operations can be performed concurrently on different data. All units are independent of each other, so one number can be shifted while another number is being incremented.

Answer 66

logic, shift, and increment

Question 67

In 1966, Michael J. Flynn, a Stanford professor proposed that a computer architecture can be classified into 4 major types:

Answer 67

1. SISD – Single Instruction Single Data Architecture 2. SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data Architecture 3. MISD – Multiple Instruction Single Data Architecture 4. MIMD – Multiple Instruction Multiple Data Architecture

Question 68

is a single processor wherein it takes data from a single address in memory and performs a single instruction on the data at a time.

Answer 68

SISD

Question 69

is the process of accumulating instruction from the processor through a pipeline. It allows storing and executing instructions in an orderly process.

Answer 69

Pipelining

Question 70

is an online repository for information or it is some set of data.

Answer 70

Data pool

Question 71

is a central location where data is stored and managed.

Answer 71

repository

Question 72

is a some set of instruction.

Answer 72

Instruction pool

Question 73

is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program

Answer 73

CPU

Question 74

is a specialized processing unit with enhanced mathematical computation capability, ideal for computer graphics and machine-learning tasks.

Answer 74

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

Question 75

means involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering.

Answer 75

Catastrophic

Question 76

means flow of data and instructions.

Answer 76

Stream

Question 77

forms the basis for the operation of a stored-program computer.

Answer 77

Fetch-Execute Cycle