lesson 3 Flashcards
Process of receiving
information via our five
senses, which can then be
experienced and
interpreted by the brain
Source is the stimuli obtainedfrom sensory organs
Results in perception
sensation
Process of interpreting the information acquired through the five senses accordingly
Source is the information sent to the brain through sensation
Results in interpreting and giving meaning to the information received
perception
The existence of _______ suggests that what we sense (in our sensory organs) is not necessarily what we perceive (in our minds).
Our minds must take the available sensory information and manipulate that information to create mental representations ofobjects, properties, and spatial relationships within our
environments.
perceptual illusions
very common cognitive distortion that affects your perception people selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experiences, and attitude.
It makes you see, listen, or focus your attention on a stimulus based on your expectations, without taking into account the rest of the information.
often termed as cognitive bias.
selective perception
______ is the set of processes by
which we recognize, organize, and make
sense of the sensations we receive from
environmental stimuli.
the result of ______ differs according to each individual. Recipient’s experiences, learning, memory, expectation, and attention can also shape perception.
Therefore, _________ is the indication of how and what a person thinks about his or her
surrounding, and as a result of how he or she
understands and looks at the world.
Perception
There are two kinds of photoreceptors
1.rods
2.cones
responsible for night vision and are sensitive to light and dark stimuli.
.rods
« requires a lot more light and they are used to see color.
We have three types of ___: blue, green, and red.
Cones
monkeys with lesions tn the temporal Lobe
were able to indicate where things were but
seemed unable to recognize what they were.
monkeys with lesions in the parietal lobe were
able to recognize what things were but not where they were.
monkey experiment / what where experiment
Damaged in Ventral Stream “what pathway”
a condition that affects how your brain processes what you see. Your vision works correctly, but your brain doesn’t.
This affects how vou recognize objects. people. places and more
visual agnosia
Inability to recognize and discriminate colors
Colour Agnosia
Inability to recognize and name objects.
Object Agnosia:
Inability to perceive overall meaning of a whole image or shape, despite ability to recognize individual details or
elements.
Simultanagnosia:
: Inability to recognize familiar faces. Also referred to as facial agnosia.
A person with prosopagnosia might not recognize her or his own face in the mirror.
In particular, the disorder is associated with damage to the right temporal lobe of the brain.
Prosopagnosia
people with this condition have no color vision at all.
Achromacy
. People with this form of color-blindness have difficulty in distinguishing red from green.
Red-green color blindness
(trouble seeing greens)
Deuteranopia
(blues and greens can be confused, but yellows also can seem to disappear o
to appear as light shades of reds).
tritanopia
Damaged in Dorsal Stream
“Where Pathway”
Patients with ______ fail to
reach accurately for objects,
particularly when they are
presented in peripheral vision
Ataxia results from a processing failure in the posterior parietal cortex, where sensorimotor information is processed. It is assumed that higher order processes are involved because most patients’ disorders are complex and
they can indeed grasp objects under certain circumstances
optic ataxia
A phenomenon of visual perception that occurs when a stimulus undergoes a change without this being noticed by its observer.
Perceptual processes and change blindness play a significant role in accidents and efforts at accident prevention.
About 50% of all collision accidents are result of missing or delayed perception.
change blindness
Provided a useful framework for studying
perception.
Gibson developed what he called an
“ecological approach” to the study of visual |
perception.
James Gibson
Bottom-up processing occurs as our sensory receptors receive new sensory information and does not require the use of prior knowledge or experiences.
Therefore, they are data driven (i.e., stimulus-driven) theories.
Bottom up theories
According to Gibson’s theory of _______, the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.
we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experiences and
direct perception theory
according to which perception is driven by
high-level cognitive processes, existing
knowledge, and the prior expectations that
influence perception.
_______ are hypotheses-driven
Top-down theories
2 examples of the top down theory
typos
the stroop effect
» a_____________ suggesting
perception is an active process driven by
cognition.
» Sensory information is combined with stored
knowledge about the world, constructing our
perception.
top down theory of perception
The viewpoint of _____________ shows the central relation between perception and intelligence.
According to this viewpoint, intelligence is an
integrai part of our perceptual processing.
constructive or intelligent
perception
_______ considers the appearance of an object relative to the viewer.
Descriptions of objects from a viewer-centered perspective detail their
appearance and position from the perspective of the speaker: an object is
“three feet away” and “horizontal” or “titled at about a twenty-degree
.viewer-centered representation
____________ considers the appearance of
the object itself, regardless of the distance and angle from which it
is viewed.
descriptions from an object-centered perception consider the object
itself (the desk is rectangular and rounded on one end), or in
relation to other objects (the pencil is in the middle of the desk).
- object-centered representation
The __________to form perception that was developed in Germany in the early 20th century is useful particularly for
understanding how we perceive groups of objects or even parts
of objects to form integral wholes.
Gestalt approach
When perceiving a visual field, some
objects (figures) seem prominent, and
other aspects of the field recede into
the background (ground).
FIGURE-GROUND
When we perceive an assortment of
objects, we tend to see objects that are
close to each other as forming a group.
PROXIMITY
The principle of similarity states that
when things appear to be similar to
each other, we group them together.
SIMILARITY
We tend to perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted or discontinuous ones
CONTINUITY
We tend to perceptually close up, or complete, objects that are not, in fact, complete.
CLOSURE
We tend to perceive objects as
forming mirror images about their
center.
SYMMETRY
2 different pattern recognition system
FEATURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONAL SYSTEM
The first system specializes in recognition of parts of objects” and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes.
FEATURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM
The second system specializes in recognizing larger configurations.
It is not well equipped to analyze parts of objects or the construction of the
objects. But it is especially well equipped to recognize configurations.
CONFIGURATIONAL SYSTEM
the inability to recognize faces—would imply damage of some kind to
the configurational system.
Somebody with prosopagnosia can see the face of another person
and even recognize if that person is sad, happy, or angry.
But what he fails to recognize is whether that person being observed
is a stranger, his friend, or his own mother.
PROSOPAGNOSIA
___________ refers to the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness
despite the stimuli changes that occur.
Perceptual constancy
Ability of an observer to perceive an object from various or changing distances where the object can appear to be different sizes, but then be able to recognize and perceive the object as it is and for its actual size.
SIZE CONSTANCY
________ is the tendency for a familiar object’s shape to be perceived as constant when observed from various angles, positions
and orientations.
Shape constancy
_________ is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and to judge the distance of objects.
Depth perception
