audition Flashcards
The height of a wave; in
audition, _______ is
perceived as loudness.
Amplitude
refers to the number of cycles per unit of
time, or the wavelength, of a sound
stimulus.
Frequency
Human hearing ranges from approximately
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
refers to frequencies below the range of human hearing. Many animals, including elephants and marine mammals, use infrasound for communication.
Infrasound
refers to stimuli with frequencies beyond the upper
range of human hearing. Ultrasound waves are used to clean
objects or to produce noninvasive images for medical purposes
Ultrasound
- sound characterized by a single frequency.
Pure tone
- distinct quality of a sound due to
combinations of frequencies.
Timbre
-unsystematic combinations of sound
waves.
Noise
Human beings can perceive sounds that vary in intensity by a factor of over 10 billion,from the quietest sounds detectable to a jetengine at takeoff.
Intensity
Intensity is measured as
decibel (dB)
- A unit used to express a
difference in intensity between two
sounds, equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.
Decibel (dB)
The ear is divided into three parts:
outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
parts of the outer ear
the pinna and the auditory canal.
It serves to collect and focus sounds, just like a funnel.
Plays an important role in locating the source of sound. Movement of the pinna allows some species to further localize sound or to indicate emotional states, as when a dog puts its ears back while snarling
pinna
A tube-shaped structure in the outer ear that leads to
the tympanic membrane.
It is about 3 cm (- 1.18 inches) long and about 7 mm (-
0.28 inches) wide
Sounds collected by the pinna is chaneled through
Auditory Canal
parts of The Middle Ear
the
tympanic membrane, oval window, and ossicles
The membrane separating
the outer and middle ears;
also known as the eardrum
Tympanic membrane
The membrane
separating the middle
and inner ears.
Oval window
The bones that span the middle ear, including the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
The purpose of these bones is to transfer sound energy from the outside air to the fluid in the inner ear without losing too much of it.
Ossicles
parts of the inner ear
semicircular
canals (a part of the
vestibular system) and
cochlea (“snail” in
greek)
The fluid-filled ________
contains specialized receptor
cells that respond to the
vibrations transmitted to the
inner ear.
cochlea
The cochlea is divided into three parallel chambers:
vestibular canal
tympanic canal
Cochlear duct
The vestibular and tympanic canals contain a fluid known as
perilymph
The middle of three chambers of the cochlea.
Conntains the fluid called endolymph (they are reach in potassium)
Cochlear duct
A membrane that separates the vestibular canal and cochlear duct.
Reissner’s membrane
Structure in the cochlea that separates the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct.
Basilar membrane
A membrane covering the end of the tympanic canal.
Round window
A structure within the cochlear duct responsible for transducing vibrations in the inner ear into action potentials or neural messages
Organ of Corti
Auditory receptor cells located near the junction of the tectorial membrane and cochlear duct.
Inner hair cells
Auditory receptor cells located on the Organ of Corti that amplify sound.
Outer hair cells
Microscopic hair-like projections from a cell.
Cilia
The nerve that makes contact with the hair cells of the cochlea.
Cranial Nerve VIII
Cortex located just below the lateral fissure in the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of auditory information.
Primary auditory cortex (A I)
Areas surrounding Al in the temporal lobe that process complex sound stimuli.
Secondary auditory cortex
neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies
Pitch Perception
Neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies.
Tonotopic organization
Decibels describe the physical qualities of the sound stimulus, whereas loudness is the human perception of that stimulus.
Loudness Perception
Distinctions between arrival times of sound at each ear are made by neurons in the superior olive.
Localization of Sounds
Hearing loss due to problems in the outer or middle ears; treated with the use of hearing aids.
Conduction loss
Hearing loss due to immobilization of the ossicles of the middle ear.
Otosclerosis
arrays inserted in the cochlea to treat hearing loss due to damaged inner ear hair cells
Cochlear prosthetics Electrode
