lesson 1 and 2 Flashcards
the study of how people perceive, learn,remember, and think about information.
Cognitive Psychology
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences
PHILOSOPHY
seeks a scientific study of life - sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation based) methods
PHYSIOLOGY
a belief that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis.
Rationalism
a belief that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation.
Empiricism
- Father of Psychology
- A German psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism.
Wilhelm Wundt (1852–1920)
proposes that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.
Structuralism
is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes. In experiments involving _____, individuals reported on their thoughts as they were working on a given task.
Introspection
- seeks to understand what people do and WHY they do it.
- aims to find meaning and purpose in what we experience
Functionalism
- a renowned American Psychologist of the late 19th century
- instead of focusing the specific “ introspective “ elements that make up our consciousness, psychology should consider the purpose of consciousness, psychological state, and behavior
William James (1842-1910)
_________believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness.
________ are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what we can do with our knowledge of what people do.
Pragmatists
examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
Associationism
associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time
Contiguity
associating things with similar features or properties
Similarity
associating things that show polarities
Contrast
- first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically
- Through his self - observations, ______ studied how people learn and remember material through rehearsal -frequent repetition can fix mental associations more firmly in memory.
-Thus, repetition aids in learning.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
- Famous for his work on learning theory
- held the role of “ satisfaction “ is the key to forming associations .
- Law of Effect
-any behavior that is followed by
pleasant consequences is likely to be
repeated, and any behavior followed by
unpleasant consequences is likely to be
stopped.
Edward Lee Thorndike
Thorndike believed that an organism learns to
respond in a given way ( the effect ) in a given
situation if it is rewarded repeatedly for doing
so ( the satisfaction , which serves as a stimulus
of future actions )
LAW OF EFFECT
- Nobel prize-winning physiologist
- best known for his classical
conditioning experiments with dogs - In his research, he discovered the conditioned reflex, which shaped the field of behaviorism in psychologist
Ivan Pavlov
- _______ focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.
- The stimulus-response sequence is a key element of understanding behaviorism
Behaviorism
-The “father” of radical behaviorism
- He believed that psychologists shouldconcentrate only on the study of observable behavior
John Watson (1878-1958)
- ___________ involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcement (rewards) or punishments
- could explain all forms of human behavior.
operant conditioning
-involves applying a desired stimulus following a desired respons
Positive reinforcement
2 types of positive reinforcement
-Extrinsic Reward
-Intrinsic Reward
a stimulus (reward) that is tangible.
Extrinsic Reward
the stimulus(reward) that is intangible
Intrinsic Reward
-a tool for reinforcing desired
behaviors, but it involves the
removal of an undesired
stimulus
Negative reinforcement
studies how the brain and other aspects of the nervous system are linked to cognitive Processing and, ultimately, to behavior.
Cognitive Neuroscience
the organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts,emotions, and motivations
Brain
the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us.
Nervous System
3 major parts of the brain
forebrain
midbrian
hindbrain
-also called gray matter,
- outermost layer of nerve cell tissue.
-plays a key role in memory, thinking,
learning, reasoning, problem-solving, motions, consciousness and functions related to your senses.
Cerebral cortex
- are collections of neurons crucial to motor function.
BASAL GANGLIA
important to emotion,
Motivation, memory, and
learning.
Our _________
allows US to SUppress
instinctive responses
limbic system
Parts of the limbic system:
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
- play a central role in our emotional responses, including
feelings like pleasure, fear, anxiety and anger. - it also plays a key role in forming new memories specifically related to fear.
- Damage to (lesions in) or removal of the ____ can result in maladaptive lack
of fear.
AMYGDALA
-essential in memory formation
-essential for flexible learning,
seeing relationships among
items learned and _ spatial
memory.
Hippocampus
a relay station of all incoming motor
(movement) and sensory information — hearing,
taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from
your body to your brain
Thalamus
important for the functioning of
the endocrine system. It is involved
in stimulating the pituitary glands,
through which a range of hormones
that are produced and released
main role is to keep the
body in homeostasis
*Homeostasis- means a
healthful, balance,
bodily state.
Hypothalamus
By far the most indispensable of these structures is the reticular activating system (RAS). Also called the “reticular formation,”.
the RAS is a network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness,including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing
Mid brain
parts of the hind brain
1.Medulla Oblongata
2.Pons
3.Cerebellum
-controls heart activity and largely controls breathing,
swallowing, and digestion.
- It plays an essential role in passing messages between your spinal cord and brain
- damaged ______ can lead to respiratory
failure, paralysis, or loss of sensation.
Medulla oblongata
- Its name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it
serves a bridging function.
Pons
- from Latin, “little brain”
- controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle
tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving
procedure related movements.
-______ works with sensory input from your
eyes and ears to keep you upright and steady
cerebellum
-refers to the differential role of the
-left or right brain side in processing a
specific neuronal task or behavior.
Hemispheric Specialization
the _____ of the brain Is considered to be adept at
tasks which are considered logical, rational,
calculating.
the left-side of the brain
the _______ of the brain is best at artistic, creative, and spontaneous tasks.
the right side of the brain
___noticed a relationship between the loss of
speech and the side of the brain in which damage
had occurred.
In studying his patients’ brains after death, ___ saw that in every case there had been damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.
He was not able to find even one case of speech loss resulting from damage to the right hemisphere only.
Marc dax
Broca’s area is also known as
the motor speech area.
- this area reguiates
breathing patterns while
speaking and vocalizations
required for normal spedthé
- ______ claimed that an
autopsy revealed that an aphasic stroke patient had a lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain.
Broca was convinced that the
left hemisphere of the brain
is critical in speech.
Paul Broca (1824-1880)
-studied language deficient
patients who could speak
but whose speech made no
sense.
Like Broca, he traced
language ability to the left
hemisphere.
Carl Wernicke
- father of neuropsychology
- started studying localization in 1915.
- Amajor focus of brain research is
localization of function.
Karl Spencer Lashley
refers to the specific areas of the brain that
control specific skills or behavior
Localization of function
FOUR LOBES OF THE BRAIN
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
3.temporal lobe - occipital lobe
- executive functions refer to a
collection of cognitive skills
including the capacity to plan,
organize, initiate, self monitor
and_ control one’s responses in
order to achieve goal.
FRONTAL LOBE
- vital for sensory perception and
integration, including the
management of taste, hearing,
sight, touch, and smell
-It is a primary sensory area,
which means that it is the
starting point of sensory
processing within the brain
PARIETAL LOBE
- It is associated with auditory
processing and comprehending
language. - The _______ is also involved in
retaining visual memories. - helps establish object recognition,
including complex objects, such as
faces.
TEMPORAL LOBE
- associated with visual
processing - It contains numerous visual
areas, each specialized to
analyze specific aspects of a
scene, including color, motion,
location, and form
OCCIPITAL LOBE
- referred to as the body’s chemical messengers.
- they are the molecules used by the nervous systen
to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- associated with memory functions, and the loss of ________ through Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to
impaired memory functioning in Alzheimer’s patients
ACETYLCHOLINE
- known as the “feel-good” hormone
-associated with attention, learning,and movement coordination.
- When you’re doing something pleasurable, your brain releases a large amount of dopamine. You feel good and you seek more of that feeling.
- important part of your brain’s reward system.
DOPAMINE
- plays an important role in eating behavior and body-
weight regulation.
-High ________ levels play a role in some types of
anorexia.
This loss of appetite is related to high _____ levels.
-________ is also involved in aggression and regulation of
impulsivity.
SEROTONIN
created in your pituitary gland and hypothalamus _____ are your body’s natural pain reliever. causes “feel good” feelings.
Low levels of _______ may play a role in fibromyalgia and some types of headaches.
ENDORPHINS
