Lesson 28

Question 1

translating singular statements

Answer 1

statements that refer to a single person or thing are best translated as universal
affirming:

Tom is a cat → All Tom is a cat; denying: Tom is not a cat → No Tom is a cat

Question 2

translating indefinite statements

Answer 2

indefinite statements may be translated as universals or particulars, depending on the
statement’s meaning;

e.g., Cats are mammals. → All cats…
Cats are my pets. → Some cats…

Question 3

translating hypothetical statements

Answer 3

hypotheticals should be translated as universals:

affirming: If you love chocolate, then you will love this cake → All choc. lovers will be
lovers of this cake

denying: If this is a hard test, then I will not pass → No hard test is a test I will pass