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MT11 (LEC) BB > Lesson 2.1: History of Medical Technology > Flashcards

Lesson 2.1: History of Medical Technology Flashcards

1
Q

instigated a qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids (4 humors):

Timeline?

A

Hippocrates & Galen

300 B.C. - 180 A.D.

  • Blood
  • Phlegm
  • Yellow Bile
  • Black Bile
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2
Q

“Father of Medicine”

believed that presence of bubbles or pus already indicated kidney failur

Advocated what

A

HIPPOCRATES

Author of the Hippocratic Oath

  • Tasting of Urine
  • Listening of Lungs
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3
Q
  • Greek Physician and Philosopher
  • Described Diabetes as “Diarrhea of Urine”

Contribution?

A

Galen

Contributions to phlebotomy
● established urine intake and urine output
○ more fluid intake = more urine output

● Anuria
○ more fluid but less or normal urine output
○ possible blockage in urinary bladder

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4
Q

According to whom said that Medtech can be traced back to 1550 B.C. when Taenia and Ascaris parasites were mentioned in writings

A

Vivian Herrick

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5
Q

3 stages of hookworm infection

Intestinal parasites and their information

A
  • egg/ova
  • larva
  • adult

Found in the Gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract

○ Taenia - tapeworm (flatworm)
■ improper removal of tapeworm = chance of reinfection
■ Taenia saginata - uncooked beef tapeworm
■ Taenia solium - uncooked pork tapeworm

○ Ascaris - small intestinal roundworms from pigs
■ oral/fecal infection

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6
Q

Preserved medical document from ancient Egypt, traced to about 1550 B.C.

A

Ebers Papyrus

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6
Q
  • Wrote the An Introduction to the Profession of Medical Technology
  • believed that Medical Technology began from the Medieval Period (1096-1438): urinalysis was a fad

what is a fad?

A

Prof. M. Ruth Williams

Fad - popular activity

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7
Q

Period where quacks reaped fortunes from diagnosing diseases by urine appearance.

What happened earlier than this

A

Medieval Period

Earlier than this, Hindu doctors made scientific
observations on urine

○ sweetish taste of urine was attracting ants
▪︎Sweet urine = Diabetic Mellitus

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8
Q

Where in the medieval period, diagnosis by “water
casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced.

where do they place the samples

A

Medieval Europe

place sample in a colorful flask

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8
Q

Believed that MedTech began from the 14th century when a prominent Italian doctor at the Univ. of Bologna employed Alessandra Giliani to perform diff. tasks in the laboratory and Giliani died due to a laboratory-acquired infection.

A

Anne Fagelso

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9
Q

An Italian physician, anatomist, and professor of surgery

A

Mondino de Liuzzi

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10
Q

○ Requested by Mondino de Liuzzi to perform laboratory tests
○ Died of laboratory acquired infections (LAIs)

A

Alessandra Giliani

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11
Q

In 1585 - 1632, a Dutch lens maker who invented the first compound microscope with his father Hans Janssen

15th to 16th Century

A

Zacharias Janssen

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12
Q

In 1628 - 1694 A.C., he is the greatest early microscopist because of his work in embryology & anatomy

  • Founder of Microscopical Anatomy, Histology
  • Father of Histology
  • Father of Physiology and Embryology
    ▪︎Chick embryology
A

Marcello Malpighi

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q
  • In 1628 - 1694, he is the one of the youngest medical specialists who founded in Berlin the Archives in Pathology.
  • Scientifically contributed on Cell Theory

why do diseases could occur in a cellular level

A

Rudolf Virchow

due to how cells arise from pre-existing cells

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17
Q

Father of Microbiology and Microscopy

17th Century

A

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

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18
Q

what did Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek invent on 1660 A.C.

A

invented the first functional microscope
first to describe red blood cells, protozoa & classify shape of bacteria

  • Shape bacteria
    ○ Cocci - circle-shaped
    ○ Bacilli - rod-shaped
    ○ Spirochetes - corkscrew-shaped
  • Red blood cells
    ○ biconcave shape
    ▪︎ depression in the center
    ▪︎due: (1) carry oxygen & (2) flexibility to entercapillaries
  • Protozoa
    ○ single celled
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19
Q

  • In 1796, he discovered vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox
  • Great contribution to Immunology

  • What agent of Smallpox
  • What did he do to produce a vaccine
A

Edward Jenner (1796)

*smallpox
○ poxviridae

*scraped cowpox then infected child to produce vaccine

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20
Q
  • made several means of collecting evidences to diagnose his patients
  • found out that a large part of the complete picture of
    the diagnosis consisted of laboratory findings
  • idea of changing science of medicine system was
    interfered by government thus the issuance of Apothecaries Act of 1815

what are Apothecaries

What are the responsibility of Apothecaries

A

Dr. William Occam

General Practitioners

Given responsibility to educate and host training program for people who wants to practice medicine

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21
Q

Invented the Stethoscope in 1816

  • First diagnostic medical breakthrough

*Used the Stethoscope to acquire information about lungs and heartbeats

A

René Laennec (1816)

  • First diagnostic medical breakthrough
  • Used to acquire information about lungs and heartbeats
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22
Q

In 1800, through his leadership, medicine brought in itselfa complete revolution by the development of physical findingsbefore and after death in establishing anatomical pathology and later in adding bacteriology to the elucidation of the causes ofdisease and laboratory examinations.

A

Baron Karl von Humboldt (1800)

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23
Q

Invented the spirometer on 1834 to measure the vital capacity of the lungs

A

John Hutchinson (1834)

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23
Q

In 1835, he invented the sphygmomanometer to measure
blood pressure

A

Jules Herrison (1835)

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23
Q

What happened in 1840

A

Development of Microscope
○ Developed for medical purposes due to advances in lenses and lower cost
○ The first practical microscope was devised by
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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24
Q

Who devised the first practical microscope

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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25
Q

What did Hermann von Helmholtz invent on 1850

The First Visual Technology

A

Ophthalmoscope

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26
Q

In 1855, he devised the Laryngoscope using two mirrors to observe the throat and larynx

A

Manuel Garcia (1855)

27
Q
  • Successfully developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies
  • Originated the process of pasteurization

what is pasteurization

Types and description of anthrax and rabies

A

Louis Pasteur (1857)

Pasteurization - sterilization process of milk

○ Cutaneous Anthrax - black blisters
▪︎ black-colored holes in skin

○ Intestinal Anthrax - diarrhea & stomach pain

○ Pulmonary Anthrax - deadliest class
▪︎ lead to respiratory diseases

○ Rabies
▪︎ Rhabdoviridae (family)
▪︎ lyssavirus (genus ofrhabdoviridae)

28
Q

● Invented the X-ray when he accidentally discovered that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low density

● Allowed physicians to view the inside of the body
without surgery

● Used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, and
tuberculosis since World War II

A

Wilhelm Roentgen (1859)

29
Q
  • Law of inherited characteristics from his studies on plants
  • Punnett square and contributions to genetics
A

Gregor Mendel (1866)

30
Q
  • Father of Antiseptic Surgery
  • Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne microorganisms
A

Joseph Lister (1870)

31
Q

● Presented first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later the tubercle bacilli (TB)

Agent of tubercle bacilli (TB)

A

Robert Koch (1877)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

32
Q

Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection

A

Elie Metchnikof (1886)

33
Q

Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system

A

Karl Landsteiner (1902)

34
Q

Developed Electrocardiograph (ECG)

Function?

A

William Einthoven (1903)

Used to measure the electrical changes during the beating of the heart

35
Q
  • Developed immunologic tests for syphilis

Causitive agent for syphilis
▪︎ Class of bacteribacteria

A

August von Wassermann (1906)

○ Treponema Pallidum (STD)
▪︎ spirochetes (corkscrew)

36
Q

Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

A

Howard Ricketts (1906)

37
Q

Devised the Kenny Method

Devised in the treatment of polio (then called infantile paralysis) using hot packs and muscle manipulation

○ Prompted the invention of a new stretcher (Sylvia stretcher in 1927) intended for transporting patients in shock

A

Elizabeth Kenny (1910)

○ Served as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy.

38
Q

Invented the Drinker Respirator

Function?

A

Philip Drinker (1927)

○ Helps patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitisrecover normal respiration with the assistance ofartificial respirator

39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

Worked out the structure of hemoglobin

A

Hans Fischer (1929)

42
Q

Invented the Heart-Lung Machine

A

Hermann von Helmholz (1939)

43
Q
  • First operated by Forsmann in 1929
  • Developed by Moniz, Reboul, and Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940
  • Discovered as safe method in humans by Cournand in 1941
  • Made seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves possible through inserting a cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for X-ray visualization.
A

Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography (1941)

44
Q

Developed the poliomyelitis vaccine

A

Jonas Salk (1954)

45
Q

Introduced the Westgard rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory

for well-calibrated machines

A

James Westgard (1973)

46
Q

Introduced the hepatitis B vaccine

A

Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980)

47
Q

Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis (1985)

48
Q

Opened the 1st chemical laboratory (well-equipped)

When?

A

Dr. Silas Douglas

1857

49
Q

Start of 1st laboratory instruction

Grew and became the largest, best equipped laboratory opened to students

When?

A

University of Michigan

1884

50
Q

when did the same laboratory opened at the Medical Collegeof St. Bartholomew

A

1854

51
Q

what University hired part-time practicing clinicians that were reinforced as teachers for full time job in medical teaching applying new laboratory methods of medical practice

when

A

University College of Cambridge

1858

52
Q

what did the University College of Cambridge hire part-time and why

when

A

hired part-time practicing clinicians reinforced as** teachers** for a full time job in medical teaching applying new laboratory methods of medical practice

1858

53
Q

when he to transferred to Bellevue Hospital Medical College, he was first to offer PATHOLOGY in an American Medical School

The medical school consisted of? and coscosted

Other information

A

Dr. William H. Welch (1878)

Consisted of **3 rooms furnished with kitchen
tables and 6 antique micro

  • He first pathology professor at Johns Hopkins
    University    , which was the Top 1 School of Medicine
  • The bacillus welchii was also named afterhim
54
Q

First clinical laboratory to open occupying 12 x 12 size room and was equipped

at what cost and when

A

Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Pathology (1885)

costed of 50 US dollars (1896)

55
Q
  • Initiated the use of laboratory animals for experimentation
  • Concluded that the use of the lab methods in clinical medicine elucidates pathological problems
A

Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson

56
Q

Father of Modern Medicine

  • First clinical laboratory opened at John HopkinsUniversity

The first parasite to be recognized as a cause of malaria

Other information

A

Dr. William Osler (1896)

Plasmodium Malariae

○ do routine exams but special attention to
identification of malarial parasite (blood)

56
Q
  • opened at University of Pennsylvania
  • oldest clinical laboratory in the US

Other lab opened where

A

William Pepper Laboratory

Other labs opened in: Boston, Baltimore, New YoYork
and other cities

57
Q
  • Bible of Medical Technology
  • became the standard reference book for laboratories

Who wrote it

A

“A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”

retitled as “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods”

Dr. James C. Todd (1908)

6th ed. by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sandford (20th century edition by Henry and Davidson) (21st century edition by McPhincus et. al.)

58
Q

What happened in the following years
1. 1900
2. 1920
3. 1922

A
  1. 100 male technicians employed in US
  2. 3,300 technicians
  3. 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories
59
Q

when was the Approval of Insurance Act that made complete changes in laboratory science

what are the changes

A

1911

  • Paid sick leave
  • Access to TB treatment
  • Maternity benefits
60
Q

what happened in1915

A
  • State Legislature of Pennsylvania
  • enacted a law requiring all hospitals & institutions to have adequate laboratory employing a full-time laboratory technician
61
Q
  • important factor in the demand of clinical lab &
    produced great demand for technicians
  • due to high demand, practicing doctors teach their
    assistants to do some tests for them
A

World War 1

62
Q

more societies were developed since then

A

organization of Denver Society of Clinical Pathologist

62
Q
  • established one of the 1st lab. training school for laboratory workers
  • issued course bulletin entitled “Courses in Med.
    Tech. for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians”

whatyear

A

University of Minnesota

1922

63
Q

establishment of the American Board of Pathologist

A

1936

64
Q
  • mark effect of lab. medicine & moved into a new era
    of sophistication
  • Increase blood use & adopted “closed system”,blood collection
  • Instrumentation became advance & measurements
    made use of instruments (new chemical test)
  • Emergence of automated equipment & development
    of new QC programs
A

World War II

This is to avoid contamination

65
Q

What did U.S. require

A

a 2-year collegiate education + 12-month actual lab. training for the preparation of
its practice

66
Q

When was a standard curriculum formalized in preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree

A

1950

67
Q

Concepts

A
  • Pathology
  • Clinical Microscopy
  • Blood Cells
  • Physio Chemistry
  • Bacteriology
68
Q

Conclusion

A
  • Logical growth progression in clinical laboratory
  • Practices during medieval period aren’t applicable
    today

MT11 (LEC) BB (6 decks)

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