Lesson 2.1: History of Medical Technology Flashcards
instigated a qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids (4 humors):
Timeline?
Hippocrates & Galen
300 B.C. - 180 A.D.
- Blood
- Phlegm
- Yellow Bile
- Black Bile
“Father of Medicine”
believed that presence of bubbles or pus already indicated kidney failur
Advocated what
HIPPOCRATES
Author of the Hippocratic Oath
- Tasting of Urine
- Listening of Lungs
- Greek Physician and Philosopher
- Described Diabetes as “Diarrhea of Urine”
Contribution?
Galen
Contributions to phlebotomy
● established urine intake and urine output
○ more fluid intake = more urine output
● Anuria
○ more fluid but less or normal urine output
○ possible blockage in urinary bladder
According to whom said that Medtech can be traced back to 1550 B.C. when Taenia and Ascaris parasites were mentioned in writings
Vivian Herrick
3 stages of hookworm infection
Intestinal parasites and their information
- egg/ova
- larva
- adult
Found in the Gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract
○ Taenia - tapeworm (flatworm)
■ improper removal of tapeworm = chance of reinfection
■ Taenia saginata - uncooked beef tapeworm
■ Taenia solium - uncooked pork tapeworm
○ Ascaris - small intestinal roundworms from pigs
■ oral/fecal infection
Preserved medical document from ancient Egypt, traced to about 1550 B.C.
Ebers Papyrus
- Wrote the An Introduction to the Profession of Medical Technology
- believed that Medical Technology began from the Medieval Period (1096-1438): urinalysis was a fad
what is a fad?
Prof. M. Ruth Williams
Fad - popular activity
Medieval Period
Earlier than this, Hindu doctors made scientific
observations on urine
○ sweetish taste of urine was attracting ants
▪︎Sweet urine = Diabetic Mellitus
Where in the medieval period, diagnosis by “water
casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced.
where do they place the samples
Medieval Europe
place sample in a colorful flask
Believed that MedTech began from the 14th century when a prominent Italian doctor at the Univ. of Bologna employed Alessandra Giliani to perform diff. tasks in the laboratory and Giliani died due to a laboratory-acquired infection.
Anne Fagelso
An Italian physician, anatomist, and professor of surgery
Mondino de Liuzzi
○ Requested by Mondino de Liuzzi to perform laboratory tests
○ Died of laboratory acquired infections (LAIs)
Alessandra Giliani
In 1585 - 1632, a Dutch lens maker who invented the first compound microscope with his father Hans Janssen
15th to 16th Century
Zacharias Janssen
In 1628 - 1694 A.C., he is the greatest early microscopist because of his work in embryology & anatomy
- Founder of Microscopical Anatomy, Histology
- Father of Histology
- Father of Physiology and Embryology
▪︎Chick embryology
Marcello Malpighi
- In 1628 - 1694, he is the one of the youngest medical specialists who founded in Berlin the Archives in Pathology.
- Scientifically contributed on Cell Theory
why do diseases could occur in a cellular level
Rudolf Virchow
due to how cells arise from pre-existing cells
Father of Microbiology and Microscopy
17th Century
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
what did Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek invent on 1660 A.C.
invented the first functional microscope
first to describe red blood cells, protozoa & classify shape of bacteria
-
Shape bacteria
○ Cocci - circle-shaped
○ Bacilli - rod-shaped
○ Spirochetes - corkscrew-shaped -
Red blood cells
○ biconcave shape
▪︎ depression in the center
▪︎due: (1) carry oxygen & (2) flexibility to entercapillaries -
Protozoa
○ single celled
Edward Jenner (1796)
*smallpox
○ poxviridae
*scraped cowpox then infected child to produce vaccine
- made several means of collecting evidences to diagnose his patients
- found out that a large part of the complete picture of
the diagnosis consisted of laboratory findings - idea of changing science of medicine system was
interfered by government thus the issuance of Apothecaries Act of 1815
what are Apothecaries
What are the responsibility of Apothecaries
Dr. William Occam
General Practitioners
Given responsibility to educate and host training program for people who wants to practice medicine
Invented the Stethoscope in 1816
- First diagnostic medical breakthrough
*Used the Stethoscope to acquire information about lungs and heartbeats
René Laennec (1816)
- First diagnostic medical breakthrough
- Used to acquire information about lungs and heartbeats
In 1800, through his leadership, medicine brought in itselfa complete revolution by the development of physical findingsbefore and after death in establishing anatomical pathology and later in adding bacteriology to the elucidation of the causes ofdisease and laboratory examinations.
Baron Karl von Humboldt (1800)
Invented the spirometer on 1834 to measure the vital capacity of the lungs
John Hutchinson (1834)
In 1835, he invented the sphygmomanometer to measure
blood pressure
Jules Herrison (1835)
What happened in 1840
Development of Microscope
○ Developed for medical purposes due to advances in lenses and lower cost
○ The first practical microscope was devised by
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Who devised the first practical microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What did Hermann von Helmholtz invent on 1850
The First Visual Technology
Ophthalmoscope
In 1855, he devised the Laryngoscope using two mirrors to observe the throat and larynx
Manuel Garcia (1855)
- Successfully developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies
- Originated the process of pasteurization
what is pasteurization
Types and description of anthrax and rabies
Louis Pasteur (1857)
Pasteurization - sterilization process of milk
○ Cutaneous Anthrax - black blisters
▪︎ black-colored holes in skin
○ Intestinal Anthrax - diarrhea & stomach pain
○ Pulmonary Anthrax - deadliest class
▪︎ lead to respiratory diseases
○ Rabies
▪︎ Rhabdoviridae (family)
▪︎ lyssavirus (genus ofrhabdoviridae)
● Invented the X-ray when he accidentally discovered that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low density
● Allowed physicians to view the inside of the body
without surgery
● Used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, and
tuberculosis since World War II
Wilhelm Roentgen (1859)
- Law of inherited characteristics from his studies on plants
- Punnett square and contributions to genetics
Gregor Mendel (1866)
- Father of Antiseptic Surgery
- Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne microorganisms
Joseph Lister (1870)
● Presented first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later the tubercle bacilli (TB)
Agent of tubercle bacilli (TB)
Robert Koch (1877)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection
Elie Metchnikof (1886)
Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system
Karl Landsteiner (1902)
Developed Electrocardiograph (ECG)
Function?
William Einthoven (1903)
Used to measure the electrical changes during the beating of the heart
- Developed immunologic tests for syphilis
Causitive agent for syphilis
▪︎ Class of bacteribacteria
August von Wassermann (1906)
○ Treponema Pallidum (STD)
▪︎ spirochetes (corkscrew)
Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae
Howard Ricketts (1906)
Devised the Kenny Method
Devised in the treatment of polio (then called infantile paralysis) using hot packs and muscle manipulation
○ Prompted the invention of a new stretcher (Sylvia stretcher in 1927) intended for transporting patients in shock
Elizabeth Kenny (1910)
○ Served as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy.
Invented the Drinker Respirator
Function?
Philip Drinker (1927)
○ Helps patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitisrecover normal respiration with the assistance ofartificial respirator
Worked out the structure of hemoglobin
Hans Fischer (1929)
Invented the Heart-Lung Machine
Hermann von Helmholz (1939)
- First operated by Forsmann in 1929
- Developed by Moniz, Reboul, and Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940
- Discovered as safe method in humans by Cournand in 1941
- Made seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves possible through inserting a cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for X-ray visualization.
Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography (1941)
Developed the poliomyelitis vaccine
Jonas Salk (1954)
Introduced the Westgard rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory
for well-calibrated machines
James Westgard (1973)
Introduced the hepatitis B vaccine
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980)
Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis (1985)
Opened the 1st chemical laboratory (well-equipped)
When?
Dr. Silas Douglas
1857
Start of 1st laboratory instruction
Grew and became the largest, best equipped laboratory opened to students
When?
University of Michigan
1884
when did the same laboratory opened at the Medical Collegeof St. Bartholomew
1854
what University hired part-time practicing clinicians that were reinforced as teachers for full time job in medical teaching applying new laboratory methods of medical practice
when
University College of Cambridge
1858
what did the University College of Cambridge hire part-time and why
when
hired part-time practicing clinicians reinforced as** teachers** for a full time job in medical teaching applying new laboratory methods of medical practice
1858
when he to transferred to Bellevue Hospital Medical College, he was first to offer PATHOLOGY in an American Medical School
The medical school consisted of? and coscosted
Other information
Dr. William H. Welch (1878)
Consisted of **3 rooms furnished with kitchen
tables and 6 antique micro
- He first pathology professor at Johns Hopkins
University, which was the Top 1 School of Medicine - The bacillus welchii was also named afterhim
First clinical laboratory to open occupying 12 x 12 size room and was equipped
at what cost and when
Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Pathology (1885)
costed of 50 US dollars (1896)
- Initiated the use of laboratory animals for experimentation
- Concluded that the use of the lab methods in clinical medicine elucidates pathological problems
Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson
Father of Modern Medicine
- First clinical laboratory opened at John HopkinsUniversity
The first parasite to be recognized as a cause of malaria
Other information
Dr. William Osler (1896)
Plasmodium Malariae
○ do routine exams but special attention to
identification of malarial parasite (blood)
- opened at University of Pennsylvania
- oldest clinical laboratory in the US
Other lab opened where
William Pepper Laboratory
Other labs opened in: Boston, Baltimore, New YoYork
and other cities
- Bible of Medical Technology
- became the standard reference book for laboratories
Who wrote it
“A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”
retitled as “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods”
Dr. James C. Todd (1908)
6th ed. by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sandford (20th century edition by Henry and Davidson) (21st century edition by McPhincus et. al.)
What happened in the following years
1. 1900
2. 1920
3. 1922
- 100 male technicians employed in US
- 3,300 technicians
- 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories
when was the Approval of Insurance Act that made complete changes in laboratory science
what are the changes
1911
- Paid sick leave
- Access to TB treatment
- Maternity benefits
what happened in1915
- State Legislature of Pennsylvania
- enacted a law requiring all hospitals & institutions to have adequate laboratory employing a full-time laboratory technician
- important factor in the demand of clinical lab &
produced great demand for technicians - due to high demand, practicing doctors teach their
assistants to do some tests for them
World War 1
more societies were developed since then
organization of Denver Society of Clinical Pathologist
- established one of the 1st lab. training school for laboratory workers
- issued course bulletin entitled “Courses in Med.
Tech. for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians”
whatyear
University of Minnesota
1922
establishment of the American Board of Pathologist
1936
- mark effect of lab. medicine & moved into a new era
of sophistication - Increase blood use & adopted “closed system”,blood collection
- Instrumentation became advance & measurements
made use of instruments (new chemical test) - Emergence of automated equipment & development
of new QC programs
World War II
This is to avoid contamination
What did U.S. require
a 2-year collegiate education + 12-month actual lab. training for the preparation of
its practice
When was a standard curriculum formalized in preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree
1950
Concepts
- Pathology
- Clinical Microscopy
- Blood Cells
- Physio Chemistry
- Bacteriology
Conclusion
- Logical growth progression in clinical laboratory
- Practices during medieval period aren’t applicable
today
