LESSON 20 (Skin) Flashcards
What does Chemical Barriers include?
- secretes skin that are low in pH
- inhibit bacterial growth
- inhibit melanin that protects skin from UV damage
what is Physical/ Mechanical barriers provided by?
- continuity of the skin
- and hardness of the keratinized cells
what does Biological Barriers include?
- the Langerhans cells
- macrophages
- antigen-presenting dendritic cells of epidermis and dermis
what does the skin produce when exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D precursor aka Cholecalciferol
Which part of the body does Cholecalciferol activate into vitamin D (calciferol)?
in the liver and kidneys then intestine where it stimulates the absorption of calcium ions
which part of the body has the highest body temperature?
The core of the body which includes
- skull
- thoracic
- abdominal cavities
which part of the body has the lowest temperature?
the shell (mostly the skin)
What happens during insensible heat loss?
it is accompanied by Insensible Water Loss from lungs, oral mucosa and skin.
- also accounts 10% of basal heat production
When does Sensible Heat Loss occur?
when the body temperature rises and sweating increases water vaporization
what does the hypothalamus do?
regulates body temperature
What does Heat-Promoting Mechanism do?
- maintains or increases body core temperature
- tightens cutaneous blood vessels
- shivering
- increase release of thyroxine (ONLY IN INFANTS)
What does Heat-loss Mechanism do?
- protects the body from excessively high temp
- dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
- sweating
- behaviours that promote heat loss or reduce heart gain
when does Frostbite occur?
when blood flow to skin is restricted due to extreme cold
- thus causing skin cells to be deprived of oxygen and nutrients
- skin cells die leading to tissue damage
When does Hypothermia occur?
when core body reaches low temperature due to cold exposure
- vital sign decreases
- shivering stops
- body is overwhelmed and cannot cool down
when does heat exhaustion occur?
it is heat-associated collapse after vigorous exercise due to dehydration and low blood pressure
Why does cancer occur?
When DNA of a cell is damaged or mutated thus cell grows uncontrollably and spreads through the body
What is Larcinoma
A cancer that develops from EPITHELIAL TISSUE
What is Adenocarcinoma
A cancer specifically from the glandular epithelium
What is Sarcoma?
A cancer of connective tissue other than blood
What is Leukemia and Lymphoma?
Cancers from blood-forming cells
what is a Benign Tumour?
A mass of cells that is not classified as cancerous or malignant
- they lack the ability to (metastasize)
What does “become malignant” mean?
When tumours are able to produce more as they have what they need
What is the least malignant?
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA which is also the most common skin cancer
What is the second-most common type of skin cancer that can also metastasize?
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- they tend to grow rapidly & metastasize if not removed
What does squamous cell carcinoma look like & where are they commonly found?
Appearance: scaly reddened papule
Location: scalp, ears, lower lip or hands
What is Melanoma?
a cancer of melanocytes
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?
MELANOMA
- as it is highly metastatic (metastasize)
- resistant to chemotherapy
How is Melanoma treated?
By surgical excision along with immunotherapy
What happened when a tissue is burned
- leads to tissue damage
- protein cells will denature
- cell death happens
What are the risks of burn patients?
- dehydration
- electrolyte imbalance due to fluid loss
- infection of burned areas
what does First-Degree Burns involve and how does it appear on the skin?
-EPIDERMAL damage ONLY
- appearance: Redness, Edema (SWELLING), pain
what does Second-Degree Burns involve and how does it appear on the skin?
- damage to the EPIDERMIS AND UPPER DERMIS
- appearance: Blisters
what does Third-Degree Burns involve and how does it appear on the skin?
- Entire THICKNESS OF THE SKIN aka FULL-THICKNESS BURNS
-appearance: skin colour turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened - not painful as NERVE ENDINGS ARE DESTROYED but area around the skin still has sensation
what does Fourth-Degree Burns and higher involve?
- ALL LAYERS OF THE SKIN IS BURNED including the
underlaying fat (4TH DEGREE)
muscle (5TH DEGREE)
bone (6TH DEGREE)
what are FIRST AND SECOND DEGREE burns referred to as and why?
Partial-thickness burns because only the epidermis and upper dermis are involved
