LESSON 20 (Skin)

Question 1

What does Chemical Barriers include?

Answer 1

• secretes skin that are low in pH
• inhibit bacterial growth
• inhibit melanin that protects skin from UV damage

Question 2

what is Physical/ Mechanical barriers provided by?

Answer 2

• continuity of the skin
• and hardness of the keratinized cells

Question 3

what does Biological Barriers include?

Answer 3

• the Langerhans cells
• macrophages
• antigen-presenting dendritic cells of epidermis and dermis

Question 4

what does the skin produce when exposed to sunlight?

Answer 4

Vitamin D precursor aka Cholecalciferol

Question 5

Which part of the body does Cholecalciferol activate into vitamin D (calciferol)?

Answer 5

in the liver and kidneys then intestine where it stimulates the absorption of calcium ions

Question 6

which part of the body has the highest body temperature?

Answer 6

The core of the body which includes
- skull
- thoracic
- abdominal cavities

Question 7

which part of the body has the lowest temperature?

Answer 7

the shell (mostly the skin)

Question 8

What happens during insensible heat loss?

Answer 8

it is accompanied by Insensible Water Loss from lungs, oral mucosa and skin.
- also accounts 10% of basal heat production

Question 9

When does Sensible Heat Loss occur?

Answer 9

when the body temperature rises and sweating increases water vaporization

Question 10

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 10

regulates body temperature

Question 11

What does Heat-Promoting Mechanism do?

Answer 11

• maintains or increases body core temperature
• tightens cutaneous blood vessels
• shivering
• increase release of thyroxine (ONLY IN INFANTS)

Question 12

What does Heat-loss Mechanism do?

Answer 12

• protects the body from excessively high temp
• dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
• sweating
• behaviours that promote heat loss or reduce heart gain

Question 13

when does Frostbite occur?

Answer 13

when blood flow to skin is restricted due to extreme cold
- thus causing skin cells to be deprived of oxygen and nutrients
- skin cells die leading to tissue damage

Question 14

When does Hypothermia occur?

Answer 14

when core body reaches low temperature due to cold exposure
- vital sign decreases
- shivering stops
- body is overwhelmed and cannot cool down

Question 15

when does heat exhaustion occur?

Answer 15

it is heat-associated collapse after vigorous exercise due to dehydration and low blood pressure

Question 16

Why does cancer occur?

Answer 16

When DNA of a cell is damaged or mutated thus cell grows uncontrollably and spreads through the body

Question 17

What is Larcinoma

Answer 17

A cancer that develops from EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Question 18

What is Adenocarcinoma

Answer 18

A cancer specifically from the glandular epithelium

Question 19

What is Sarcoma?

Answer 19

A cancer of connective tissue other than blood

Question 20

What is Leukemia and Lymphoma?

Answer 20

Cancers from blood-forming cells

Question 21

what is a Benign Tumour?

Answer 21

A mass of cells that is not classified as cancerous or malignant
- they lack the ability to (metastasize)

Question 22

What does “become malignant” mean?

Answer 22

When tumours are able to produce more as they have what they need

Question 23

What is the least malignant?

Answer 23

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA which is also the most common skin cancer

Question 24

What is the second-most common type of skin cancer that can also metastasize?

Answer 24

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- they tend to grow rapidly & metastasize if not removed

Question 25

What does squamous cell carcinoma look like & where are they commonly found?

Answer 25

Appearance: scaly reddened papule
Location: scalp, ears, lower lip or hands

Question 26

What is Melanoma?

Answer 26

a cancer of melanocytes

Question 27

What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

Answer 27

MELANOMA
- as it is highly metastatic (metastasize)
- resistant to chemotherapy

Question 28

How is Melanoma treated?

Answer 28

By surgical excision along with immunotherapy

Question 29

What happened when a tissue is burned

Answer 29

• leads to tissue damage
• protein cells will denature
• cell death happens

Question 30

What are the risks of burn patients?

Answer 30

• dehydration
• electrolyte imbalance due to fluid loss
• infection of burned areas

Question 31

what does First-Degree Burns involve and how does it appear on the skin?

Answer 31

-EPIDERMAL damage ONLY
- appearance: Redness, Edema (SWELLING), pain

Question 32

what does Second-Degree Burns involve and how does it appear on the skin?

Answer 32

• damage to the EPIDERMIS AND UPPER DERMIS
• appearance: Blisters

Question 33

what does Third-Degree Burns involve and how does it appear on the skin?

Answer 33

• Entire THICKNESS OF THE SKIN aka FULL-THICKNESS BURNS
  -appearance: skin colour turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened
• not painful as NERVE ENDINGS ARE DESTROYED but area around the skin still has sensation

Question 34

what does Fourth-Degree Burns and higher involve?

Answer 34

• ALL LAYERS OF THE SKIN IS BURNED including the
  underlaying fat (4TH DEGREE)
  muscle (5TH DEGREE)
  bone (6TH DEGREE)

Question 35

what are FIRST AND SECOND DEGREE burns referred to as and why?

Answer 35

Partial-thickness burns because only the epidermis and upper dermis are involved