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A&P FALL TERM EXAM 1 > LESSON 18 (Epidermis and Dermis) > Flashcards

LESSON 18 (Epidermis and Dermis) Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system consists of?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands

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2
Q

what are the 2 regions of the skin? which one is the outermost and the inner? which one is avascular and vascular?

A

1) epidermis: OUTERMOST and AVASCULAR epithelial tissue
2) dermis: INNER and VASCULAR connective tissue

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3
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A
  • aka SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
  • a subcutaneius tissue beneath the skin
  • consists of mostly adipose tissue that anchors the skin to underlying muscle
  • allows skin to slide over muscle
  • acts as a shock absorber and insulator
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4
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A
  • makes up majority of the epidermis cells
  • produce a fibrous protective protein called keratin
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5
Q

what are melanocytes?

A
  • epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin and transfer it to kerationocytes to protect the nucleus from UV damage
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6
Q

what are cells?

A
  • tissue-resident macrophages
  • a type of white blood cell commonly found in the epidermis
  • helps activate the immune system
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7
Q

what are tactile (merkel) cells associated with?

A

touch and sensory nerve endings

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8
Q

what is Stratum Basale (basal layer)?

A
  • aka Stratum Germinativum due to active mitosis
    -the deepest epidermis layer
  • this layer is firmly attached to the dermis
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9
Q

what does the Stratum Basale consists? and what do they produce?

A
  • a single row of stem cells
  • produces 2 daughter cells as it is actively mitotic
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10
Q

what is Stratum Spinosum?

A
  • has 3 to 5 layers of thick cells
  • it contains a web-like system of intermediate pre-keratin filaments which is attached to desmosomes
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11
Q

how does keratinocytes appear in the Stratum Spinosum layer?

A

spikey and prickle cells

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12
Q

what is Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)?

A
  • has 4 to 6 layers
  • cells are flattened so the layer is thin
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13
Q

what does Stratum Granulosum accumulate?

A
  • Keratohyaline granules which helps form keratin fibers in upper layers
  • and Lamellar granules which slows down the loss of water (as its water-resistant glycolipid)
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14
Q

Why do cells above the Stratum Granulosum die?

A

because they are too far from the dermal capillaries to survive

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15
Q

where can you find Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)?

A
  • layers that are only found in thick (hairless) skin
    ex) palms of hand, soles of feet, surface area of fingers and toes
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16
Q

what does Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) consists of?

A
  • thin, translucent band of 2 to 3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
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17
Q

where does the Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) lie?

A

lies superficial to the Stratum Granulosum

18
Q

what is Stratum Corneum (horny layer)?

A
  • up to 50 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized daed cells
  • accounts for 3-quarters of epidermal thickness
19
Q

in what ways does the Stratum Corneum (horny layer) still function even though its dead?

A
  • by protecting deeper cells from the environment
  • preventing water loss
  • protect from abrasion and penetration
  • acts as a barrier against biological, chemical and physical assaults
20
Q

what is the dermis composed of?

A

strong, flexible connective tissue

21
Q

what is the dermis supplied with?

A

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

22
Q

what is the papillary layer?

A
  • a thin superficial layer of areolar connective tissue
23
Q

what does the Papillary Layer form?

A
  • dermal papillae which results into fingerprints
24
Q

what are Dermal Papillae?

A
  • a superficial region of dermis
  • sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis
  • contains capillary loops, nerve endings and touch receptors
25
Q

what is the Reticular Layer?

A
  • accounts 80% of dermis thickness
26
Q

what does the Reticular Layer consists of?

A
  • consists of dense fibrous and connective tissue
  • has stretchy elastic fibers and durable collagen
27
Q

what are Flexure lines

A

deep dermal folds at or near the joints

28
Q

what happens to the dermis in the Flexure lines?

A

it is tightly secured to deeper structures so it cannot slide easily for joint movement

29
Q

what causes Tension Lines in the reticular layer?

A

caused due to many collagen fibers running PARALLEL to the skin surface

30
Q

what are Striae

A

stretchmarks a more visible version of reticular layer

31
Q

what are Blisters?

A

A fluid-filled pockets where the epidermal and dermal layer have been separated

32
Q

what are melanin?

A

groups of skin and hair pigments that are brown or black or pinkish red

33
Q

what are brown or black hair pigments called?

A

eumelanin

34
Q

what are pinkish red hair pigments called?

A

pheomelanin

35
Q

what are Carotene and where does it accumulate?

A
  • a yellow-orange pigment found in food
  • accumulates in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous layer
36
Q

what causes pinkish hue to be seen in fair skin

A

due to hemoglobin in the blood

37
Q

what does Cyanosis (blue skin colour) indicate?

A

low oxygen of hemoglobin

38
Q

what does Jaundice (yellowish skin) indicate?

A

liver disorders can inhibit the processing of yellow bilirubin from damaged red blood cells

39
Q

what does Erythema (redness) indicate?

A

fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

40
Q

what does Pallor (pale colour) indicate?

A

Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

41
Q

what does Bronzing indicate?

A

inadequate steroid hormones which causes over-expression of melanin

42
Q

what does Bruise or Contusion (red, purple, blue, or black marks) indicate?

A

bleeding or coagulated blood under the skin outside of the blood vessels (hematoma)

A&P FALL TERM EXAM 1 (6 decks)

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