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CMGT 7660 > Lesson 2: Water, Sustainability and Climate Change > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Water, Sustainability and Climate Change Flashcards

1
Q

A continuous process by which water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea.

A

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

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2
Q

Earth’s Supply

A

SALINE WATER IN OCEANS (97.2%)

ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS (2.14%)

GROUNDWATER (0.61%)

SURFACE WATER (0.009%)

SOIL MOISTURE (0.005%)

ATMOSPHERE (0.001%)

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3
Q

Surface Water

A

RIVERS

STREAMS

CREEKS

LAKES

WETLANDS

RESERVOIRS

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4
Q

Main uses of surface water.

A

DRINKING WATER

IRRIGATION

THERMOELECTRIC POWER (FOR COOLING)

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5
Q

Surface water usage in Canada

A

75% - CANADA
90% - BC

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6
Q

Impacts of human to surface water.

A

AGRICULTURE (IRRIGATION, CHEMICALS)

URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

DRAINAGE OF THE LAND SURFACE

MODIFICATIONS TO RIVER VALLEYS (CONSTRUCTION OF LEVEES, CONSTRUCTION OF RESERVOIRS, REMOVAL OF NATURAL VEGETATION)

MODIFICATION TO THE ATMOSPHERE (ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION, GLOBAL WARMING)

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7
Q

Surface water - Point source

A

CONTAMINANTS DISCHARGE THROUGH AN AREA THAT IS SMALL RELATIVE TO THE AREA OF THE RECEIVING WATER

SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS

LEAKAGE FROM GASOLINE TANKS

SEEPAGE FROM LAND FILLS

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8
Q

Surface Water - Non-Point Source

A

CONTAMINANTS ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT ACROSS AREAS THAT ARE LARGE COMPARED TO POINT SOURCES OR CONSIST OF MULTIPLE, CLOSELY SPACE POINT SOURCES

DEPOSITION FROM THE ATMOSPHERE (PRECIPITATION OR DRY FALLOUT)

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS

URBAN AREAS

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9
Q

Concentrations of impurities increase because of mineral pickup from surface runoff; silt and debris are carried by surface water, often resulting in muddy or turbid stream.

A

SURFACE WATER - FAST FLOWING

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10
Q

In areas of slow moving or stagnant water plants and algae grow, changing the aesthetic characteristic considerable.

A

SURFACE WATER - SLOW MOVING

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11
Q

Surface water - Dams & Impoundments

A

EFFECTS OF IMPOUNDMENTS INCLUDE A SERIES OF CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS DOWNSTREAM OF THE DAM, ESPECIALLY MODIFICATION OF FLOW AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES AND USUALLY GREATER WATER CLARITY

WATER QUALITY CHANGES MAY BE SLIGHT OR CONSIDERABLE, DEPENDING ON WATER RESIDENCE TIME IN THE RESERVOIR AND WHETHER SURFACE OR DEEP WATER IS RELEASED.

MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS RESULT IN CHANGES IN THE PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE OF THE RIVER

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12
Q

Surface water - Wastewater

A

SURFACE WATERS ARE USED FOR THE DISPOSAL OF THE WORLD’S LIQUID WASTES THROUGH THE RESIDUES DEPOSITED IN SINKS ( OCEANS, INLAND SINKS (GREAT SALT LAKE, DEAD SEA)

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13
Q

Measures the total amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter via chemical oxidation.

A

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

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14
Q

Represents the amount of oxygen that microorganisms require to decompose organic matter under aerobic conditions.

A

BIOLOGICAL / BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

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15
Q

Surface Water - Transformation of Land

A

DRAINING OF FLOOD PLAINS

INTENSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURE

ROAD BUILDING

TIMBER HARVEST

SPREAD OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

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16
Q

Diverse group of chemicals introduced through disposal, washing, excretion, etc.

Steroids, non-prescription drugs, antibiotics, prescription medication, detergents, fire retardants, natural and synthetic hormones.

A

PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCPs)

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17
Q

Sources of PPCP pollution

A

HUMAN ACTIVITY

RESIDUES FROM PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING

RESIDUES FROM HOSPITALS

ILLICIT DRUGS

VETERINARY DRUG USE, ESPECIALLY ANTIBIOTICS AND STEROIDS

AGRIBUSINESS

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18
Q

Health impacts of PPCP being released into the environment.

A

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS (ESTROGEN LEVELS)

ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE (AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS)

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19
Q

When is sheen is not a concern?

A

IF THE SHEEN REMAINS BROKEN UP THEN IT IS A PRODUCT OF IRON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA

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20
Q

Saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily.

A

AQUIFER ( SANDSTONE; SAND AND GRAVEL)

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21
Q

Rock or sediment that retards groundwater flow due to low porosity and / or permeability.

A

AQUITARD (SHALE; CLAY)

22
Q

Sources of groundwater contamination.

A

LANDFILLS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL

ON-SITE DUMPING

SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS

AGRICULTURE AND MINING

SEPTIC SYSTEM

LEAKS - ASTs or USTs

SPILLS

HIGHWAY DE-ICING

23
Q

Natural sources of groundwater contamination.

A

TDS (TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS)

SULPHATE

CHLORIDE

COLI - FORM BACTERIA

24
Q

Anthropogenic (man-made) sources of groundwater contamination.

A

ORGANIC LIQUIDS

DISSOLVED ORGANICS OR INORGANICS

PATHOGENS

25
Q

Storage Tanks

A

GASOLINE, OIL, CHEMICALS OR OTHER TYPES OF LIQUIDS

AST OR UST

ISSUES: TANKS CORRODE, CRACK AND LEAK

26
Q

Septic systems

A

ON-SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS THAT ARE NOT CONNECTED TO A CITY SEWER SYSTEM

DESIGNED TO SLOWLY DRAIN AWAY HUMAN WASTE UNDERGROUND

BACTERIA, VIRUSES, HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS

ISSUES: DESIGN, LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

27
Q

Uncontrolled hazardous waste

A

ABANDONED AND UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES

ISSUES: BARRELS OR CONTAINERS LEAKING

28
Q

Landfills

A

PLACE FOR OUR GARBAGE TO BE BURIED

CAR BATTERY ACID, PAINT, HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS

ISSUES: LACK OF A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM OR A LEAKING SYSTEM

29
Q

Chemical and road salts

A

WIDESPREAD USE OF CHEMICALS

ROAD SALT, FERTILIZERS, ETC.

ISSUES: RAIN CAUSES SEEPAGE

30
Q

Atmospheric contaminants

A

CONTAMINANTS ENTERING EITHER SURFACE WATER OR GROUNDWATER

ISSUES: RAIN CAUSES DEPOSITION

31
Q

Pumping groundwater causes sea water to migrate into freshwater aquifers:

Issues: less freshwater, once intrusion occurs it cannot be reversed

A

SALTWATER INTRUSION

32
Q

Common contaminants in groundwater

A

HYDROCARBONS

METALS

ELECTROPLATING OPERATIONS

CHLORINATED SOLVENTS

CHLOROPHENOLS

33
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

SERVICE STATIONS

BULK STATIONS

FUEL

HEATING OIL

34
Q

Electroplating operations

A

SAWMILLS AND WOOD

PRESERVATIVE PLANTS

OIL FILL/REFUSE

LANDFILLS

35
Q

Chlorinated solvents

A

DRY CLEANING OPERATIONS

MACHINE SHOPS

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

36
Q

Chlorophenols

A

SAWMILLS

WOOD PRESERVATIVE PLANTS

37
Q

Contaminants move through the unsaturated zone to the water table, at the water table the contaminants will either continue moving downward through the groundwater or stop.

Once at the water table contaminants can dissolve into the groundwater.

Migration depends on the chemical and physical characteristics of the contaminants

A

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT MIGRATION

38
Q

Occurs when large amounts of groundwater are withdrawn from certain types of soils (typically fine-grained)

A

LAND SUBSIDENCE

39
Q

Main cause of Jakarta sinking up to 10cm per year.

A

EXTENSIVE LAND EXTRACTION DUE TO GROUNDWATER PUMPING

PRESSURE FROM HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, WHICH IS PUSHING PARTS OF THE CITY DOWN

40
Q

Common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater.

As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop.

A

SINKHOLES

41
Q

Human induced sinkholes

A

GROUNDWATER PUMPING

CONSTRUCTION/DEVELOPMENT

CHANGING WATER - DRAINAGE PATTERNS

CREATING RUN-OFF STORAGE PONDS

WEIGHT OF NEW MATERIAL/BUILDINGS

42
Q

The term first introduced by the Brundtland Commission (1987) in their report “Our Common Future” and is defined as : “ the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

A

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

43
Q

Sustainability - Three E’s Balance Rule

A

ENVIRONMENT

EQUITY (SOCIETY)

ECONOMY

44
Q

Sustainable development basis as to political and ethical principle.

A

THAT THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL DYNAMICS OF MODERN ECONOMIES ARE COMPATIBLE BOTH WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE CONDITIONS AND THE ABILITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO REPRODUCE (REGENERATE) IN AN INDEFINITE MANNER

45
Q

Sustainability - Three P’s Balance Rule

A

PEOPLE

PLANET

PROFIT

46
Q

Social performance

A

PEOPLE

47
Q

Economic performance

A

PROFIT

48
Q

Environmental performance

A

Planet

49
Q

Sustainable Construction - Private Sector

A

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE

SOCIAL AWARENESS

ECONOMIC PROFITABILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY

50
Q

Sustainable construction - Public sector

A

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES PLAN

HOUSING SHORTAGE

ABANDONMENT

DECENT HOMES

LIVABILITY

PROTECTING THE COUNTRYSIDE

51
Q

Issues that affect sustainable engineering

A

POPULATION AND URBANIZATION

HEALTH

WATER SCARCITY, CONFLICT AND RESOLUTION

ENERGY AND CLIMATE

MATERIALS FLOWS AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

52
Q
A

CMGT 7660 (8 decks)

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