Lesson 2 (Unit 1). Flashcards
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produces energy for the cell
Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Creates protein
Consists of ribosomes.
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Creates lipids/fats, steroids, and phospholipids for cell membrane; detoxifies substances
It has no ribosomes.
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies proteins
Known as the post office or modifying and packaging center of the cell.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Houses the DNA and some RNA
Known as the brain of the cell.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Support framework of the cell
Made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
What is the plasma membrane made up of?
What important function does this structure play?
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
Regulates what can enter or leave the cell.
What are the components of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails
The phospholipid is essential for the structure of the cell membrane.
How is the phospholipid bilayer arranged?
Two layers/rows of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail.
Where are the hydrophilic heads oriented in the phospholipid bilayer?
On the outside, toward the extracellular and intracellular fluid.
Where are the hydrophobic tails oriented in the phospholipid bilayer?
Toward the inside of the bilayer.
What does passive transport describe?
Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration.
Does passive transport require ATP/energy?
No.
What is simple diffusion? and what kind of molecules move this way?
Direct diffusion across the bilayer, used for small, nonpolar molecules.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Used for larger and/or charged molecules that need help getting across a membrane.
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
What does active transport describe?
Moving from low concentration to high concentration, against the concentration gradient.
Does active transport require ATP/energy?
Yes.
What is primary active transport? give an example of this type of transport
Primary active transport requires Energy that comes directly from ATP
Example is the Na+/K+ pump.
What is secondary active transport?
Indirectly uses ATP.
What are the three forms of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.
What is exocytosis?
The process of removing substances out of the cell.
What is a hypertonic solution?
Has a solute concentration higher than another solution.
What is an isotonic solution?
Has a solute concentration equal to another solution.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Has a solute concentration lower than another solution.
In which direction does water like to move in a solution?
Water likes to move from an area of high water concentration and low solute concetration to an area of low water high solute concentration.
in other words, water will always move toward a hypertonic solution.
What are the three components of DNA?
Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.
Which bases pair together in DNA?
Adenine binds with Thymine; Guanine binds with Cytosine.
What is transcription in relation to DNA?
Process of turning DNA into mRNA in the nucleus.
What happens to mRNA after transcription? where does it go and what does it find?
It leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome.
After trascription, how does mRNA become a protein?
What is this process known as?
mRNA is translated into a protein. through Protein synthesis
Where does the protein go after synthesis? Why does it go there?
To the Golgi apparatus for modification.
What happens to the protein when it leaves the golgi apparutus?
It is Packed into vesicles and transported to where it will do its job.
What are amino acids?
The building blocks of proteins.
What occurs in interphase stage of the cell cycle?
cell grows and performs regular functions.
DNA Replication
What occurs in the G1 phase of interphase?
The first stage where cell starts to prepare to divide.
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
This is the synthesis stage where DNA is replicated.
What occurs in the G2 phase of interphase?
this is the final stage before cell division.
Cell continues to grow; organelles continue to divide.
What is mitosis?
Part of the cell cycle where the cell is actively dividing.
What happens during prophase?
This is the first stage of mitosis.
nuclear envelope breaks down, Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate, attached to spindle fibers.
What happens during anaphase?
This is the 3rd stage of mitosis.
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
What happens during telophase?
4th stage of mitosis.
Chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers disappear. nuclear envelopes forms again
What is cytokinesis?
Cleavage of the cytoplasm occurs, resulting in two new identical daughter cells.
