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Anatomy > lesson 2- The back > Flashcards

lesson 2- The back Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of GP consultations are formed by back pain?

A

20%

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2
Q

how many bones make up the vertebral column?

A

33 bones

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3
Q

what are the main functions of the vertebral column?

A

weight bearing, protection, movement and site of muscle attachment

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4
Q

the vertebral column carries transmits weight from….. to ……

A

the vertebral column carries and transmits weight from the upper body down to the lower limbs

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5
Q

what provides the shock absorption in the vertebral column?

A

curvatures and intervertebral discs

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6
Q

the foetus spine lacks what in its shape?

A

a foetus’s spine lacks lordes (dips in the spine).

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7
Q

regarding the shape/curvature of the spine, what provides flexible support an shock-absorbing resilience?

A

the lordosis and kyphosis in the curvature of the spine provides flexible support and shock absorbing resilience

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8
Q

when does the lordoses develop?

A

during infancy

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9
Q

give examples of abnormal curvatures of the spine?

A

excessive thoracic kyphosis
excessive lumbar lordosis
scoliosis

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10
Q

when can excessive lumber lordosis occur?

A

during pregnancy

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11
Q

how does scoliosis develop?

A

imbalance in the growth of the vertebrae or back muscles between the left and right resulting in the spine being imbalanced.

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12
Q

name the processes which make up the vertebral arch.

A

spinous process, transverse process and superior & inferior articular process

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13
Q

name the different parts of the vertebrae?

A

vertebral body, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spinous process, inferior and superior articular processes.

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14
Q

describe what the intervertebral disk is made of.

A

intervertebral disc is made of water nucleus pulposa and is covered by rings of connective tissue called annulus fibrosis.

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15
Q

describe how a ‘slip disc’ occurs.

A

when there is something wrong with the fibre cartilage- annulus fibrosis, the nucleus pulposa is able to leak out and pinch on the spinal nerves in the spinal root causing pain - herniated disc.

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16
Q

a sliped disc is medically what?

A

a slipped disc

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17
Q

what does the vertebral column protect?

A

spinal cord, spinal nerves, arteries and veins

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18
Q

what covers the spinal cord?

A

the meninges - pia matter, arachnoid matter and dura matter

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19
Q

what lies between the different membranes of the meninges?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

what are the movements of the spine?

A

extension/flexion, lateral flexion/lateral extension, rotation of head and rotation of upper trunk.

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21
Q

what type of joint is the facet?

A

synovial plane

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22
Q

what type of joint is at the articulation of the vertebrae with the rib?

A

synovial plane

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23
Q

what type of joint is between the skull and the atlas?

A

synovial condyloid

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24
Q

what type of joint is at the atlas and axis?

A

synovial pivot.

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25
Q

name the ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

anterior and posterior longitudinal, ligamentus flavum, interspinous and supraspinous.

26
Q

what is the main back muscle called?

A

erector spinae

27
Q

is the erector spine an intrinsic extrinsic back muscle?

A

intrinsic

28
Q

whats the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles?

A

intrinsic- only attach to the back and not to the limbs.

extrinsic extend to the limbs as well

29
Q

what lies within the vertebral foramen?

A

the spinal canal which contains the spinal cord, spinal meninges, spinal nerve roots and vascular structures.

30
Q

how many spinal nerves are there attached to the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves.

31
Q

what is the specific name for vertebra C7?

A

vertebra prominers.

32
Q

describe structure of the cervical vertebrae.

A 
cervical vertebrae:
small wide body
small or absent transverse process
short spinous process
large triangular vertebral foramen
33
Q

describe the structure of the thoracic vertebrae.

A 
thoracic vertebrae:
heart shaped body
largest transverse process
long spinous process
smaller vertebral foramen
34
Q

describe the structure of the lumbar vertebrae.

A 
lumbar vertebrae:
largest/heaviest body
long and thin transverse process
short and sturdy spinous process
triangular vertebral foramen
35
Q

concerning the vertebral column: what does the…
ligament flavum connect?
the anterior longitudinal connect?
the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?
supraspinous ligament connect?
interspinous ligament?

A 
the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
vertebral bodies
vertebral bodies 
spinous process's
spinous process's (in-between)
36
Q

how many adult curvatures are there in the back?

Also what type and where do they occur?

A 
there are 4 curvatures of an adult back.
cervical = lordose
thoracid = kyphose
lumbar = lordose
sacral = kyphose
37
Q

in each of the 3 vertebrae, in what plane is movement permitted?

A 
cervical = transverse plane
thoracic = sagittal
lumbar = sagittal ??? check this question!
38
Q

when the trunk flexors and extensors contract at the same time, what does this cause?

A

intra-abdominal pressure.

39
Q

where does the erector spinal muscles lie?

A

they lie posteriorly between the vertebral transverse and spinous process.

40
Q

what are the major anterior muscles which can act on the vertebral column?

A

sternocleidomastoid in the neck and the anterior abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdomens, oblique muscles and transverse abdominis).

41
Q

at what vertebra does the vertebra prominence lie?

A

C7

42
Q

at what vertebra does the spine of scapula lie?

A

T3

43
Q

at what vertebral level is the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

T7

44
Q

at what vertebral level is the summit of the iliac crest?

A

L4

45
Q

state some of the bony points which can be palpated on the back.

A 
spine of scapula
vertebra prominens
lateral margin of acromion
greater tubercle of humerus
inferior angle of scapula
summit of iliac crest
46
Q

what important structures in the thorax are located at T4?

A

sternomanubrial joint, arch of the aorta and bifurcation of the trachea.

47
Q

where is CSF taken in a lumbar puncture?

A

in an adult it is taken between the vertebrae L3 and L4 but in children it is between L4 and L5.

48
Q

the spinous process and the interspinous distance decreases when you move down from the thoracic region to the lumbar region. true or false.

A

true.

the spinous process is smaller and the distance between the process’s gets closer as well in the lumbar region.

49
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 in adult and L2/3 in neonates.

50
Q

What does the ligamentum flavum connect?

A

Adjacent vertebral lamina

51
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A

Connects the anterior of the vertebral bodies

Runs down anterior side of the adjacent vertebral bodies

52
Q

Where does the interspinous ligament and the supraspinous ligament lie?

A

Interspinous ligament lies between adjacent spinous processes
Supraspinous ligament runs down the posterior side of the spinous processes

53
Q

What planes do the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra permit movement in?
And what is this difference between each vertebrae to do with?

A

Cervical —> transverse
Thoracic —> coronal
Lumber —> Sagittarius
Permitting movement in certain planes is to do with the angle that the articulate facets lie

54
Q

What movements are permitted in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions?

A 
Cervical = rotation, flexion & extension and lateral flexion & extension
Thoracic = rotation and lateral flexion & extension
Lumbar = flexion & extension and lateral flexion & extension
55
Q

What type of muscle is the erector spinal muscle? Flexor or extensor?

A

Extensor

56
Q

What are the major anteriorly situated muscles that act on the vertebral column?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and abdominal wall muscles

57
Q

Name the 3 abdominal wall muscles that act on the back.

A

Transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis and obliques

58
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

At the occipital bone

59
Q

The enlargement of the spinal cord at the cervical and lumbar regions is due to enlargement of white or grey matter?

A

Grey matter

60
Q

What drains the blood from the vertebrae and the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral Venous plexus

Anatomy (7 decks)

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