Lesson 1- Introduction To Anatomy, Bones And Joints Flashcards
Whats the name of the joint between the 2 hip bones anteriorly and what type of joint is this?
Pubic symphysis- secondary cartilaginous joint
What the bony process on the skull behind the ear called?
Mastoid process of ulna
At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process at?
T9
At what vertebral level does the sternal angle lie?
T2
What’s the name for the prominences immediately above the elbow joint?
Medial and lateral humeral epicondyles
What’s the medical term for the elbow?
Olecranon process of ulna
What is the large bony protuberance at the proximal end of the femur?
Greater trochanter of femur
What’s the name for the bony prominence on each side of the ankle?
Medial and lateral malleolus
The transverse plane through the T4 vertebral angle sometimes referred to as?
The sternomanubrial plane / manubriosternal plane
At what vertebral level is the summit of the lilac crest?
And a transverse plane through this vertebral level is often referred to as what?
L5 Intercristal plane (‘between the crests’)
At what vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint located?
T9
Which embriological layer gives rise to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?
Mesoderm
Which does the embryonic ectoderm layer give rise to?
Nervous tissue.
What embryonic layer is:
1) skin and 2) smooth muscle, derived from?
1) epidermis = ectoderm and dermis = mesoderm
2) ectoderm and mesoderm
What does the endoderm embryonic layer give origin to?
The intestines.
What is the 3 layered trilaminar structure which if formed during embryonic development called?
And describe and name of the process by which it is developed
Trilaminar = gastula
Single layered blastula is re organised into a 3 layered gastrula. This process is called gastrulation.
Apart from the epiphyseal growth plate, where else is hyaline cartilage found?
The condylar where it articulates with another bone
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
To produce blood cells and platelets
Whats the function of the limb girdles?
The limb girdles surround and support the proximal ends of the limbs, and provide a point of attachment for appendicular bones to the axial bones.
What is the function of cortical bone and trabecular bone?
Cortical bone provides strength for weight bearing
Trabecular bone facilitates movement of joints and limbs
Where is the periosteum found in bone and what is its function?
The periosteum surrounds the outside of cortical bone. It contains blood vessels and nerves which supply the cortical bone. It also gives rise to appositional bone growth (i.e. fracture healing).
What is the name for the growth of bone during adolescence?
Interstitial growth.
When a bone is fractured what is the name of the growth of the bone to heal the fracture?
Appositional growth
Describe intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Give examples of where these occur in the body.
Intramembranous ossification is when the initial foetal membranes becomes ossified i.e flat bones of skull, face, jaw, centre of clavicle
Endochondral ossification is when the hyaline cartilage of adult bone becomes ossified over growth period i.e. forms most bones in the body such as the long bones.
The joint formed between the facets of the vertebra are which type of joint?
Synovial plane joint.
What’s the name for anatomical variation between each individual?
Inter individual variation
What’s the name for an abnormal or marked deviation from the average/ normal standard (anything that is unusual)?
Anatomical anomaly
Name and describe the 3 fibrous joints.
Suture - bones are close together and are joined by fibrous tissue i.e. flat bones of skull
Gomphosis - peg like process fits into a socket i.e. teach
Syndesmosis - bones are joint by an interosseous membrane i.e. ulna and radius
What is the function of the fibula?
As a site for muscle attachment
Where can you find synovial pivot joints?
Between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints.
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
The scapula and clavicle
What bone connects the axial to appendicular skeleton of the upper limb?
The clavicle
What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint?
Saddle
What type of joint were the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Condyloid
What movements occur between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
Rotation/pivoting
Name 3 axial muscles.
Rectus abdominis
Oblique muscles
Intercostal muscles
Name 2 appendicular muscles which also attach to the trunk.
Pectoralis major and deltoid
What type of connective tissue is a tendon?
Dense regular connective tissue
What is the name of the stationary and moving end of the attachment of bone to tendons?
Stationary = origin Moving = insertion
What is the thin tendon of the oblique muscles called? And what is their structure?
Aponeurosis
They are flat thin and broad
What is the name of a muscle which assists the muscle which causes the movement at that joint?
Give an example.
A synergist
The brachioradialis assists the biceps brachii in flexion at the elbow joint
The brachialis in the humerus assist the biceps brachii in flexion at the elbow joint
(Synergists assist AGONIST by bringing out the same joint motion as the agonist).
What joint(s) does the brachioradialis muscle cross? Name the joint(s)
It crosses the elbow joint
What joint(s) does that brachialis cross? Name this joint(s).
The brachialis crosses the shoulder and the elbow joint
what joint(s) does the triceps brachii cross?
The triceps brachii cross the shoulder and the elbow joint.
What are the skeletal muscles which attach to bones on either side of the midline of the body called?
Where do they have their tendon situated?
What shape is their tendon?
Diaphragm.
They have their tendon situated in the centre of the muscle
3-leafed shaped tendon
what is the primary purpose of the diaphragm?
Is to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity to during inspiration.
Also separates the thorax from the abdomen.
When the diaphragm muscles contract, in which direction do they move?
The muscles contracts and move inferiorly.
Muscles that cross 2 joints don’t necessarily perform the same action. Give an example of where this occurs and by which muscle.
The hamstring cross the hip and the knee joint. It can cause flexion of the knee and also extension at the hip. These can occur independently or simultaneously.
Name the 3 sections of the deltoid muscle and what movement it causes at the shoulder joint.
Anterior deltoid - flexion of the arm
Middle deltoid - abduction of the arm
Posterior deltoid - extension of the arm
describe what fixator/ stabilising muscles are and give an example.
Fixator/stabilising muscles act to stabilise a joint to which they are attached such that the joint can move efficiently without dislocation.
I.e. the shoulder joint has rotator cuff muscles. These muscles form a tendinous cuff around the capsule and joint ligaments which are relatively weak. This stabilises the joint during its movements and keeps it stationary when only movement at the elbow is required.
Why does the arrangement of the deep fascia and the compartments of structures assist clinicians in treating some patients?
Assists clinicians in determining the pathway of infection which has spread from a primary site.
Draw a cross selection of an arm showing the compartments.
Should contain anterior and posterior compartments
Intermuscular septum
Deep fascia
Superficial fascia
Where does the spinal nerves of the brachial plexus and the lumbosacral plexus originate from?
Brachial plexus - S5 to T1
Lumbosacral plexus - L1to S4
The diaphragm is a neuromuscular sheet. True or false?
False its a fribromuscular sheet.
Describe what sphincter muscles are and wether they are voluntary or involuntary.
Sphincter muscles are smooth muscles (involuntary) which surround tube-like structures in the body.
I.e. pyloric sphincter controls the release of food from the stomach to the intestine.
Some sphincter muscles can be skeletal muscles and are voluntary i.e. the anal sphincter and the external urethra sphincter controls the release of urine from the bladder out of the body.
where is the teres major muscle located and what structure does it have?
It is located near the inferior angle of the scapula. It is thick and rounded.
to what bones does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach inferiorly (origin) and which bones does it attach superiority (insertion)?
Origin = sternum and clavicle Insertion = mastoid process
does an intercostal nerve lie above or below its corresponding rib?
Below
Where does the intercostal nerves supply?
Supplies the intercostal muscles and the abdominal wall muscles from T1-T12
State what cutaneous nerves are and what dermatomes are.
Cutaneous nerves are a group of nerves which supply a region of the bodies skin i.e. the arms skin.
Dermatomes are specific areas of skin which are supplied by 1 single spinal nerve
What surface feature if found at dermatomes T4 and T10?
Nipples
Umbillicus
what joint is found at dermatome T2?
Secondary cartilaginous joint - steralmanubrial joint
Each fascicle lies within a its own protective sheath called a….
Perineurium
What is the endoneurium in a nerve structure?
It is a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each individual nerve fibre.
Whats the difference between bipolar, unipolar and multipolar neurone cells?
Bipolar have one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body
Multipolar have many processes extending from the cell body
Unipolar have one process extending from the cell body
at what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1/L2
through which foramina do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Through the intervertebral foramen
What attaches the ulnar and radius?
Interosseous membrane (Fibrous joint)
What’s the name of the T12 intercostal nerve?
The subcostal nerve
Why is T12 called the subcostal nerve?
Because it lies below the last rib
