lesson 2 - methods of philosophizing - Flashcards
this has observation and experimentation using highly sophisticated and specialized instruments
science
t or f
philosophy uses thought and thought experiments
true
t or f
both science and philosophy used experimentation
false, philosophy uses thought while science uses experiments
t or f
science and philosophy do not go hand in hand because of their different methods
FALSE
philosophy has how many branches?
6
what are the branches of philosophy? MEEPAL
metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political, aesthetics, logic
this is also known as ontology. it studies existence and reality.
it studies questions that go beyong our experiences
metaphysics
meta means?
to go beyond
physics means?
the natural world
this is the study of knowledge
epistemology
episteme means?
knowledge
this is the study of action, thought experiments
ethics
ethos means?
habit
this is the study of power or government
political philosophy
polis means?
city
this is the study of art and the perception of beauty
aesthetics
this is the study of correct reasoning
logic
logos means?
reason
who is the father of logic?
aristotle
what are the 4 theories of knowledge?
realism, phenomenology, relativism, pragmatism
the study of reality or the nature of being
anthology
this falls under the branch of logic. In logic, we try to eliminate errors.
Critical thinking
Executing one’s own ideas without the influence of others.
Independent thinking
To think is to always think within a context
Context is the backbone / framework of thinking
contextual thinking
understanding reality by using ones ingenuity
Putting flavor in a boring surface of reality.
creative thinking
- Thinking should not be static
- Initiating the best course of action ahead of time
- Weighing the pros and cons in decision making
Proactive thinking
Thinking with other people for a unified goal
Detecting ones intersubjectivity
collaborative thinking
- There is a reality outside the mind which can be known through experience.
- What we perceive out in the world is real.
- This theory is one of the oldest systems in epistemology. Dates back to the times of aristotle.
-It puts forward the question “what is reality?”
study of Realism
For aristotle, reality is ———-. It means we can know reality or have true knowledge of reality through observation and analysis, basically saying the world can be known through experience.
empirical
The objects you perceive are part of the external world and they exist independently of the human mind. Which means this isn’t just something made up of our mind, they are there and real.
study of realism
- Truth is dependent on a person, truth is subjective matter.
- In this theory, the basis of truth is subjective. What may be true to someone may not be to you.
- As human beings, we think relatively or differently. It emphasizes our own or a person’s worldview.
theory of relativism
2 major types of relativism:
moral and cultural
type of relativism: When we make decisions, we base our thoughts to our belief of what is right and wrong
Moral
type of relativism: What we believe is based on our cultural backgrounds.
Cultural
- A truth is regarded as a truth if it has practical consequences that are beneficial.
- A truth is only considered true if it has practical consequences, these are an important aspect in this theory.
- Practical consequences should have benefits so that the truth can be considered as true.
Theory of Pragmatism
For a pragmatist, there are three criterias to consider the truth:
Utility, doability, beneficialness
- The source of all meaning and value is the lived experience of human beings.
- Study of essences and go back to these essences.
- “To go back to the things themselves”
- Discovered by Edmund Husserl
Theory of Phenomenology
Here, we go back to how we see the world the same as the first time we saw it.
Theory of Phenomenology
- looking at reality by means of facts or things
Natural attitude
- makes something, something.
Essence
In pheno, there is something we call ———-. Which means the direction of our experiences to objects and acts that provide meaning to objects.
intentionality
——– deals with lived experiences of human beings and its goal is to understand the world as to how it is interpreted by our human consciousness, it attempts to explain human experience as it is.
— Focus on how things appear in our consciousness
Phenomenology
It is a statement that is considered to be true and accurate.
It is a starting point, there is nothing before this. It is a self evident truth. Means knowledge comes from this.
Theory of Axioms
It is a fundamental assumption from which our reasoning activities will start.
Theory of Axioms
t or f
Axioms cannot be refuted as they are the starting point of knowledge.
t
