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BACTERIOLOGY LEC > LESSON 2 - INFECTION CONTROL > Flashcards

LESSON 2 - INFECTION CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Is an abnormal state in which part or
all of the body is not properly adjusted or is
unable to carry out usual functions; any deviation
from one’s current condition of health

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2
Q

Infection

A

Is defined as pathogenic
microorganisms invading the body

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3
Q

Symbiosis

A

The relation between the
indigenous flora and the host

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

Is a type of symbiosis in
which one organism benefits from the other
without harming it.

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5
Q

Mutualism

A

form of symbiosis in w/c both organisms
benefit from the relationship

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

a connection in which one organism benefits from
another while also harming it.

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7
Q

Pathogen

A

an organism that invades & causes damage or injury to
the host

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8
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Refers to an organism’s ability to cause
disease.

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9
Q

Contamination

A

is defined as the presence of organisms
outside of the body, such as those found in water, food, and other biological
substances.

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10
Q

Pollution

A

referred to the presence of undesired compounds in water, air, or soil

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11
Q

Pathology and
epidemiology

A

study of disease

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12
Q

Pathology

A

study the structural and functional manifestation of disease;
involved in diagnosing diseases in individual

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13
Q

Epidemiology

A

study the factors that determine the frequency, distribution, and
determinants of diseases in human populations.

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14
Q

Epidemiologists

A

are scientists who specialize in the study of disease and
injury patterns (incidence and distribution patterns) in populations and
ways to prevent or control diseases and injuries; study virtually all types of
diseases, including heart, hereditary, communicable, and zoonotic diseases and
cancer.

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15
Q

Infectious disease

A

is a disease that is caused by a pathogen

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16
Q

Communicable
disease

A

an infectious disease transmissible from one human to
another (i.e., person to person)

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17
Q

Contagious disease

A

defined as a communicable disease that is easily
transmitted from one person to another.

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18
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

Infectious diseases that humans acquire from
animal sources are called zoonotic
diseases or zoonoses.

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19
Q

Incidence

A

incidence of a particular

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20
Q

Period prevalence

A

number of cases of the disease existing in a
given population during specific time
period

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21
Q

Point prevalence

A

number of cases existing in a given population at
a particular moment in time

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22
Q

Morbidity

A

morbidity rate for that disease, which is usually expressed as the number of new
cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a
specifically defined population

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23
Q

Mortality rate

A

ratio of the number of
people who died of a particular disease during
a specified time period per a specified
population

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24
Q

Sporadic disease

A

one that occurs only occasionally within the population of a
particular geographic area

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25
Q

Endemic disease

A

diseases that are always present within the population of a
particular geographic are.

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26
Q

Epidemic disease

A

greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a
particular region

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27
Q

Pandemic Disease

A

a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in
many countries simultaneously – sometimes worldwide.

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28
Q

Kochs Postulates

A

Is a set of rules for establishing a relationship between a causative
microbe and a disease.

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29
Q

Portal of Entry

A

The avenue by which a pathogen gains access to the body

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30
Q

Mucous membrane

A

(Inhaled), Skin (wounds, abrasion) parenteral

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31
Q

Virulence of
organism

A

The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism

32
Q

Capsule

A

enables organism to evade phagocytosis. Enzymes, Toxins

33
Q

Number of microbes

A

microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled
form or as a colony of cells;

34
Q

Microbial growth

A

refers to an increase in number of cells rather than an
increase in cell size; likelihood of disease increases as umber of pathogens
increase

35
Q

Defensive powers of
host

A

Immune system

36
Q

The Bodys Immune
System

A

provides resistance to disease

37
Q

Mechanical

A

organisms directly damage tissues or surface

38
Q

Chemical

A

bacteria produces chemicals & toxins

39
Q

Immunologic

A

response of the immune system

40
Q

Toxin

A

is a specific substance, often a metabolic product of an organism that damages
the host

41
Q

Incubation period

A

the time interval between entry of microorganism & the first appearance of s/s

42
Q

Prodromal period

A

mild symptoms of a disease w/c are non specific (fever, cough, colds, malaise)

43
Q

Period of illness

A

period of maximal invasion. The disease is most acute during this period

44
Q

Period of decline

A

pt. does not show s/s but still continues to shed infecting microorganisms

45
Q

Period of
convalescence

A

– Period of defervescence- s/s start to subside. - patient Vulnerable to secondary
infection

46
Q

Human Carriers

A

most important reservoirs of human infectious
diseases are other humans - people with infectious diseases as well as carriers.

47
Q

Carrier

A

is a person who is colonized with a
particular pathogen, but the pathogen is not
currently causing disease in that person

48
Q

Passive carriers

A

carry the pathogen without ever having
had the disease.

49
Q

Incubatory carrier

A

is a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation
period of a particular infectious disease.

50
Q

Convalescent
carriers

A

harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while
recovering from an infectious disease

51
Q

Active carriers

A

have completely recovered from the disease, but
continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

52
Q

Animals

A

• As previously stated, infectious diseases
that humans acquire from animal sources
are called zoonotic diseases or zoonoses.
• Many pets and other animals are
important reservoirs of zoonoses.
• Zoonoses are acquired by direct contact
with the animal, by inhalation or ingestion of
the pathogen, or by injection of the
pathogen by an arthropod vector.

53
Q

Rabies virus

A

is usually transmitted to a human through
the saliva that is injected when
one of these rabid animals bites
the human.

54
Q

Cat and dogs

A

Bites often transfer microorganism from
the mouths of these animals
into tissues, where severe
infections may result.

55
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

a protozoan disease caused by
Toxoplasma gondii
• contracted by ingesting oocysts from cat
feces
• ingesting cysts that are present in infected
raw or undercooked meats.
• may cause severe brain damage to, or
death of, the fetus when contracted by a
woman during her first trimester (first
3 months) of pregnancy

56
Q

Salmonellosis

A

diarrheal disease, is frequently

57
Q

Arthropods

A

are animals, commonly associated with human infections.

58
Q

Arthropod vector

A

may first take a blood meal from an
infected person or animal and then transfer the
pathogen to a healthy individual.

59
Q
  1. Contact
    Transmission
A
  • refers to spread of
    microorganism through direct contact, indirect contact or droplet
    transmission.
60
Q

Direct Contact

A

a.k.a. person to person transmission & involves direct
transmission by physical contact between the source of infection & the
susceptible
host. (kissing, touching).
Ex. Common cold, Respiratory tract infections, chicken pox, syphilis, gonorrhea

61
Q

Indirect Contact

A

refers to transmission of causative agent from reservoir to
susceptible host through non living object(fomites) Ex of common fomites:
handkerchiefs, towels, spoons, toys. Ex. of diseases are common colds, sore
eyes, tuberculosis)

62
Q

Droplet

A

is a form of contact transmission in w/c the organism is spread in
droplet nuclei that travel only short distances usually <1 meter from reservoir to
the host. These droplets are spread in to air by coughing, laughing, talking,
sneezing. Ex: pneumonia, influenzae

63
Q
  1. Vehicle
    transmission
A

refers to transmission of organism through media such as food,
water, air.

64
Q

Food-borne

A

pathogens are transmitted through ingestion of food
that are improperly cooked, poorly refrigerated , unsanitary
conditions. ex. Food poisoning, gastroenteritis

65
Q

Air-borne

A
  • refers to spread of pathogens by droplet nuclei in dust that travels >1 meter
    from the reservoir to the host ( ex. measles, tuberculosis)
66
Q

Water borne

A

pathogen is spread through contaminated water ( ex , typhoid fever, chole

67
Q

Amebiasis

A

(caused by the ameba,Entamoeba histolytica)

68
Q

Botulism

A

(caused by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum)

69
Q

Cholera

A

(caused by the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae)

70
Q

Infectious hepatitis

A

(caused by hepatitis A virus)

71
Q

Typhoid fever

A

(caused by the bacterium, Salmonella typhi)

72
Q
  1. Vectors
A

are animals that carry organism from one host to another Insects
(arthropods) - most important group of
vectors

73
Q

Mechanical

A
  • refers to passive transport of organism on insect’s feet or other parts.
74
Q

transmission

A

Ex: cockroaches & flies

75
Q

Biological
transmission

A

active transport of organism. Organism enters the insect vector after
insect vector bites an infected person

BACTERIOLOGY LEC (8 decks)

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