Lesson 2 Flashcards
define sensation
- process by which we receive information from the environment
- occurs when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
define stimuli
a detectable input from the environment or from within
define receptors
collects information from the environment
types of receptors
- exteroceptors
- interoceptors
- proprioceptors
define exteroceptors
found in different sense organs such as eyes, ears, tongue, etc
define interoceptors
found in the lining of the internal organs like the respiratory and genito-urinary
define proprioceptors
found in the lining of muscles, tendons, and joints
define sensory receptors
nerve endings located in the sensory organs
characteristics of sensory receptors
- specific
- they adapt
- excitability
- they respond to coding
define perception
- process by which the cognitive system constructs an internal representation of the outside world
- organizing and understanding the incoming sensation
characteristics of perceptiom
- limited to sensory discrimination
- perception is selective and subjective
- perception is constant
- perception has organizing tendencies
what are the sensory processes
- reception
- transduction
- encoding and transmission of sensory information
- perception
define reception
activation of sensory receptors by stimuli such as mechanical stimuli, chemicals, or temperature
define transduction
sensory system is the translation of a sensory signal to an electrical signal in the nervous system
Theories and approaches to perception
- top-down theories
- bottom-up processing
- direct perception
- template theories
- prototype theories
- feature theories
- structural-description theories
Differentiate top-down vs bottom-up theory
Top down
- schema-driven
- interprets information based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations
- perceive the whole and then the individual parts
Bottom-up
- data-driven
- interprets information starting from the sensory information
- perceive the individual parts and organize them into whole
Top-down theories involve
Making inferences based on context, guessing from experience, and basing one perception on another
Who introduced top-down processing?
Richard Gregory
Define bottom-up processing
Suggests that our perceptual experience is based entirely on the sensory stimuli that we piece together using only data that is available from our senses
Who introduced bottom-up processing
Eleanor Jack Gibson
Define direct perception
Believes that the array of information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory contexts is all we need to perceive anything
Other term for direct perception
Ecological theory
Who proposed direct perceptiom
James Jerome Gibson
Define template theory
Suggests that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates, which are highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize
Define prototype theory
Relying on best guesses when various features are in place
Define structural-description theory
Objects are represented by parts and their spatial relationships, which together form a structural description of an object
