Lesson 1 Flashcards
define cognitive psychology
- a school of thought concerned in how a person mentally represent and process information
- a study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
cognitive psychology is the study of how people _____, _____, _____, and ______ about information (PLRT)
- perceive
- learn
- remember
- think
- father of cognitive psychology
- German-American psychologist
Ulrich Neisser
book of Ulrich Neisser that defined the paradigm for a generation
cognitive psychology (1967)
Neisser characterized people as dynamic _______ whose mental operations might be described in computational terms
information-processing systems
cognitive refers to…
all processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used
why is cognitive psychology easily distinguished from other paradigms?
- because it assumes that people are designed to process information unlike other designed assumptions (grow, learn, etc)
- it acknowledges the existence of internal mental states unlike behaviorist psychology
- it embraces the use of scientific method
cognitive psychology rejects _____ as a valid method of investigation
introspection
what happened on May 11, 1997
IBM chess machine beats humanity’s champ, Garry Kasparov
who is humanity’s champ in chess?
Garry Kasparov
deep blue is….
- IBM chess machine
- software that explicitly showed the computational processes underlying intelligent performance
how is the human mind similar to a computer
they both process information
similarities of humans and computer
- input information
- output information
- analyze information
- store information
- retrieve information
- access information
physical differences of human mind and computer
- humans are carbon-based
- computers are silicon-based
reproductive differences of human mind and computer
only humans can reproduce
differences of human mind and computer when it comes to experience
only humans can feel pain and emotions, although computers can stimulate them
differences of human mind and computer when it comes to consciousness
only humans are aware of themselves and has free will
philosophical antecedents
- rationalist
- empiricist
2 philosophical antecedents
- rationalist
- empiricist
rationalists acquire knowledge through
thinking and logical analysis
empiricist acquire knowledge through
empirical evidence
known rationalist:
rene descartes
known empiricist:
- john locke
- immanuel kant
2 domains of reality
- immanuel kant
- noumenal & phenomenal
psychology as a science:
- can be measured mathematically and spatially
- can be manipulated experimentally
- not too transient to observe / measure
psychological antecedents (SFABG)
- structuralism
- functionalism
- associationism
- behaviorism
- gestalt psychology
define structuralism and give its proponents
- what are the elementary contents (structures) of the mind?
- Wilhelm Wundt
define functionalism and give its proponents
- how and why does the mind work?
- William James
define associationism and give its proponents
- how do events and ideas become associated in the mind?
- Ebbinghaus & Thorndike
define behaviorism and give its proponents
- what is the relation of behavior with the environment?
- Pavlov, Skinner, Watson
define gestalt psychology and give its proponents
- cognitions should play an active part in society
- Wertheimer, Kohler
Wilhelm Wundt is the father of?
Psychology
what are Edward Lee Thorndike’s contributions:
- Trial-and-error learning
- Law of effect
- Transfer of training
history of computing
- charles babbage
- alan turing
- claud shannon
contribution of charles babbage
analytical engine
contribution of alan turing
- invented the principles of modern computer
- cryptanalyst during the WWII who broke the German code to win the war
- created the Turing Test to decide whether computers think
contribution of claud shannon
wrote a landmark 1984 paper “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” which developed Information Theory (or the quantification of information)
important founders of cognitive approach
- jean piaget
- edward tolman & clark hull
contributions of jean piaget
- founder of cognitive development
- focuses on children’s interaction with their environment
contributions of tolman and hull
- both challenged the behaviorist assumptions by examining internal mental processes
- (tolman) defined intervening variables as merely cognitions or mental maps
- (hull) defined intervening variables as merely physiological or needs
founders of cognitive psychology
- carl rogers & donald hebb
- herbert simon & allen newell
- george miller
- jerome bruner
- leon festinger
both challenged radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis
carl rogers & donald hebb
what did rogers emphasize?
importance of internal mental processes and its importance on behavior
hebb contributed to the?
rise of cognitive interests with his book “The Organization of Behavior’
Herbert Simon & Allen Newell were the founding fathers of several of today’s important scientific domains:
- artificial intelligence
- information processing
- decision-making
- problem-solving
what did George Miller claim and proposed along with Galanter & Pribram?
- there were constraints in the short term memory
- TOTE (test-operate-test-exit)
what occurred in Sept 11, 1956
IEE symposium on information at MIT where Noah Chomsky presented his views on language and George Miller presented his research on short term memory and its capacity
Acc to Jerome Bruner…
- learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas
- cognitive structure provide meaning and organization to experiences
according to _____ ideas might be compatible or incompatible with one another
leon festinger
he continued to discuss physiology, behavioral phenomena, and cognitive processes
Donald Hebb
year _____ is the emergence of the:
- development of computers
- artificial intelligence
- and a cognitive revolution occurred and increased the interest in the study of mental processes
1950s
psychobiology founders
- karl spencer lashley
- alan turing
- augusta ada king
pioneered in neuroscience and studied on learning and memory
karl spencer lashley
founder of computer science
alan turing
- wrote the first computer program
- calculated sequence of Bernoulli numbers
augusta ada king
research methods:
- controlled experiments
- psychobiological research
- self-reports
- case studies
- naturalistic observation
- computer simulations and artificial intelligence
independent variable:
- the “cause”
- being manipulated
dependent variable:
- the “effect”
- being measured
correlational study cannot…
infer causation
an individual’s own account of cognitive processes
self-reports
in-depth studies of individuals
case studies
