Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of public health.

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2
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Investigations of disease pattern in the community. Person (who) place (where) time (when)

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3
Q

Analytic epidemiology

A

investigation of the cause of disease, or etiogoly.

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4
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of existing cases that are found in a population at any given point in time. Total cases new and existing

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5
Q

Incidence

A

New cases within the at-risk population.

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6
Q

Epidemiological triangle

A

agent, host, environment

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7
Q

Host

A

age, sex, race, genetic profile, previous diseases, immune status, religion, customs, occupation, marital status, family background

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8
Q

Enviornment

A

temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, neighborhood, water, milk, food, radiation, pollution, noise

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9
Q

Agent

A

biological (bacteria or viruses), chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke), physical (trauma, radiation, fire), nutritional (lack, excess)

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10
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population (person, place, and thing0

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11
Q

Retrospective cohort study

A

Comparison of those who have a particular disease or not. Data collection extends back in time.

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12
Q

Analytic epidemiology

A

Investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another.

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13
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Measures the cause (exposure) and the effect (disease) at the same point in time. Pros can establish the disease prevalence bit not incidence.

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14
Q

Prospective cohort study

A

Monitors a group of disease-free individuals to determine whether and when a disease occurs.

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15
Q

Randomized clinical trial

A

A scientific experiment that compares the effects of different treatments or interventions by randomly assigning participants to groups.

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16
Q

Correlations

A

Statistical measures that describe the relationship between two varables.

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17
Q

Casuality

A

Direct cause and effect relationship between two variables

18
Q

Six criteria that establish the existence of cause-and-effect relationship

A

Strength of association, dose response relationship, temporally correct relationship, biological plausibility, consistency with other studies, specificity.

19
Q

Applications of epidemiology in community-oriented nursing

A

Nurse epidemiologist, school nurses, communicable disease nurse, outpatient nurses, hospital infections control nurse, all nursing documentation on patient charts and records is an important source of data for epidemiological reviews.

20
Q

Surveillance

A

Mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information. Essential to effective and responsive public health programs.

21
Q

Census Data

A

changes in an area over time. Done every 10 years. Provide data on demographic variables and workforce.

22
Q

Vital statistics

A

Official registration records of births, death, marriages, divorces, and adoptions from the basis of data in vital statistics. Reported by local and state agencies such as the WA state department of health. Complied annually.

23
Q

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

A

Local, regional, and state government reports. Locally generated data collection. Analysis of demographic information provides descriptive information about the population.

24
Q

Needs Assessment

A

Used to understand the community’s perspective. Interview key community informants. Use community forums, focus groups, or surveys. 12 steps in a needs assessment.

25
Q

Needs assessment steps

A
  1. Identify aggregate for assessment
  2. Engage the community in planning the assessment
  3. Identify required information
  4. Select method of data gathering
  5. Develop questionnaires or interview questions
  6. Develop procedures for data collection
  7. Train data collectors
  8. Arrange for a sample representative of the aggregate
  9. Conduct needs assessment
  10. Tabulate and analyze data
  11. Identify needs suggested by data
  12. Develop an action plan.
26
Q

Developing a community diagnosis, includes four components

A

Identification of health problem or risk. affected aggregate or community. Etiological or casual statement. the evidence to support the diagnosis.

27
Q

Format for community diagnosis

A

Increased risk of disability, disease among community or population related to etiological statement as demonstrated in health indicators.

28
Q

Equality

A

The assumption is that everyone benefits from the same supports. This is equal treatment.

29
Q

Equity

A

Everyone gets the supports they need. (this is the concept of affirmative action), thus producing equity.

30
Q

Disparity

A

the result of inequity. Health differences that are linked to social, economic and environmental disadvantages.

31
Q

Justice

A

Everyone gets supports or accommodations. the causes of the inequity are addressed.

32
Q

Inequity

A

Health disparity that is unfair and unjust.

33
Q

Rural

A

towns with a population of less than 2500 people or in open county

34
Q

Health disparities of rural regions

A

People leave, services are lost, local drug stores close, tax base becomes insufficient, fewer services are provided, long distance to get health care, jobs become scarce and more people leave, the cycle continues.

35
Q

Perception of health

A

Rural men and youths are more likely to die or become disabled from unintentional injuries, more likely to commit suicide
African Americans and elderly attend less cancer screenings, more late-stage diagnosis
Hispanic populations are most likely to report barriers.

36
Q

Migrant

A

those who migrate to find work. Farmworkers in the US

37
Q

Seasonal

A

Reside permanently in one place and work locally when farm labor is needed. Work various jobs

38
Q

Immigrant

A

Person who migrates from another county and permanently relocates

39
Q

Refugee

A

Person who has been welcomed legally

40
Q

Asylee

A

Have not been granted legal rights yet

41
Q

Undocumented

A

Person who is not legal in the US

42
Q

Migrant worker

A

Person who moves around for job purposes