Lesson 2 Flashcards
Earth’s Layers
- Crust
- Mantle
- Outer Core
- Inner Core
Thickness: 32km
Materials: granite rocks
Temp: surface temperature
- 1600º F
Continental Crust
Thickness: 8km
Materials: basalt rocks
Temp: surface temperature
- 1600º F
Oceanic Crust
Thickness: 2,900 km
Materials: Molten rock called magma
Temp: 1600º F - 4000º F
Mantle
Thickness: 2,200 km
Materials: Nickel and iron in liquid state
Temp: 4000º F - 9000º F
Outer Core
Thickness: 1,250 km
Materials: Nickel and iron in liquid state
Temp: 9000º F ++
Inner Core
The Earth’s outermost surface which makes up 1% of the Earth.
Relative to its size, Earth’s crust is about as thin as an apple’s skin.
It is relatively light and brittle so that most earthquakes occur in this layer.
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates.
Crust
Although the __?__ does have a thin solid layer at the top, it is composed almost entirely of magma - molten rock inside the earth.
Mantle
are caused by the very hot magma at the deepest part of the mantle rising to the top, then cooling and sinking to the bottom, and repeating the cycle over again.
Convection Currents
The massive pieces of solid rock that float on the molten material in the mantle below.
These plates move on top of the asthenosphere
Lithospheric Plates
Pressures and temperatures in this layer are greater than the mantle and crust.
When the Earth rotates, the liquid in the __?__ spins creating the Earth’s magnetic field.
Outer Core
Solid innermost layer of the Earth.
It is about 1,250 km thick and has the greatest pressures, temperatures, and the most dense materials of any layer.
Inner Core
is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids (mineral-like substance).
rock
The Earth’s outer solid layer
lithosphere
The scientific study of rocks is called
petrology
These are rocks that solidified directly from molten magma. (mother rock)
Examples:
Granite
Basalt
Pumice
Flint
Igneous Rock
These are formed when igneous rocks are eroded as a sediment under the sea.
Examples
Limestone
Chalk
Sandstone
Sedimentary Rock
These are made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks of all ages which have been subjected to intense pressure.
Examples:
Slate
Marble
Quartzite
Metamorphic Rock
is the breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of rainwater, extremes of temperature, and biological activity.
Weathering
is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and moved elsewhere by gravity, or by a moving transport agent – wind, water or ice.
Erosion
covers much of the land on Earth.
Soil
Soil Horizons (Layers)
O Horizon (humus)
A Horizon (topsoil)
E Horizon (eluviation layer)
B Horizon (subsoil)
C Horizon (regolith)
R Horizon (bedrock)
The top, organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter).
O Horizon
The layer called topsoil. Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer. It is made up of humus (decomposed organic matter) mixed with mineral particles.
A Horizon
This eluviation (leaching) layer is light in color. It is made up mostly of sand and silt, having lost most of its minerals and clay as water drips through the soil (in the process of eluviation).
E Horizon
Also called the subsoil. It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.
B Horizon
Also called regolith. It consists of slightly broken-up bedrock. Plant roots do not penetrate into this layer and very little organic material is found in this layer.
C Horizon
The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers.
R Horizon
(also known as aquake,tremorortemblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in theEarth’scrustthat createsseismic waves.
earthquake
> occurred on October 15, 2013, at8:12 a.m.
> It affected the whole Central Visayasregion, particularly Bohol andCebu. at the epicenter was recorded atMw 7.2
2013 Bohol earthquake
