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Pharmacology > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

aspirin can relieve pain

A

analgesic

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2
Q

reduce fever

A

antipyretic

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3
Q

name assigned to the drug differentiated from trade name by initial lowercase letter; never capitalized.

A

Common or general name

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4
Q

Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs.
May be the first drugs of this group to be developed (e.g., penicillin for antibiotics, morphine for opioid analgesics)

A

Prototype drugs

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5
Q

the name which the pharmaceutical company identifies it’s product; copyrighted and used exclusively by that company; can be distinguished from generic name by Capitalized first letter and often shown on labels and references with the symbol after the name (for registered trademark)

A

Trade name

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6
Q

The exact molecular formula of the drug; usually a long, very difficult name to pronounce and of little concern to the health care worker.

A

Chemical name

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7
Q

name of the drug as it appears in the official reference, the USP/NF; generally the same as the generic name

A

Official name

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8
Q

prescription drug; determined unsafe for OTC purchase because of possible side effects if taken indiscriminately; includes birth control pills, antibiotics, cardiac drugs, hormones etc..indicated in the Physician’s desk Reference by the symbol to the far right of the trade name

A

Legend drugs

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9
Q

drug controlled by prescription requirement because of the danger of addiction or abuse..indicated by schedule of numbers C-I to C-V.

A

Controlled substance

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10
Q

not approved for medical use and have high abuse potentials; LSD, heroin, peyote, ecstasy (3,4 methyenedioxy-methamphetamine)

A

Schedule I

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11
Q

used medically. High abuse potential (methadone, meperidine, cocaine, pentobarbital, Tylox)

A

Schedule II

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12
Q

less potential for abuse than I and II but may lead to psychological or physical dependence (Vicodin, Tylenol with codeine)

A

Schedule III

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13
Q

drugs have some potential for abuse (Valium, Dalmane, Klonopin)

A

Schedule IV

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14
Q

contain moderate amounts of controlled substances. An example is Lomotil (atropine and diphenoxylate)

A

Schedule V

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15
Q

studies in pregnant women failed to show risk to the fetus

A

Category A

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16
Q

animal studies have failed to show a risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies in women

A

Category B

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17
Q

animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, no adequate human studies, benefits may outweigh risks

A

Category C

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18
Q

positive evidence of human fetal risk

A

Category D

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19
Q

animal or human studies have shown fetal abnormalities or toxicity

A

Category X

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20
Q

a list of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used. Ex. Diphenhydramine HCL (Benadryl) indicated fro allergic rhinitis, mild allergic skin reactions, motion sickness and mild cases of parkinsonism.

A

indications

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21
Q

A description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug. Ex. Benadryl appears to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells.

A

actions

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22
Q

A lists of conditions for which the drug should not be given. Ex. Benadryl should not be given on pregnant and lactating mothers

A

contraindication

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23
Q

a list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for the specified side effects when given the drug.
Ex. Benadryl have atropine like effect and must be used cautiously with patient with bronchial asthma or hypertension or with older adults

A

cautions

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24
Q

a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than desired effect. Ex Benadryl side effects includes dizziness, sedation, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, anorexia and thickening of bronchial secretions

A

Side effects and adverse reactions

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25
Q

3 side effects associated with antibiotics

A
  • ototoxicity
  • nephrotoxicity
  • photosensitivity
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26
Q

A lists of drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy. Ex. MAO inhibitors intensify effect of Benadryl causing serious BP changes and death when taken with other drugs and some food.

A

interactions

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27
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

A
  • PLANTS
  • MINERALS
  • ANIMALS
  • SYNTHETIC
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28
Q

reaches widespread area of the body

A

Systemic

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29
Q

is limited to area of the body where it administered

A

Local

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30
Q

describes the pharmacokinetic processes which follow a given dosage regimen.

A

LADME

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31
Q

the release of the drug from it’s dosage form.

A

liberation

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32
Q

the movement of drug from the site of administration to the blood circulation.

A

absorption

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33
Q

the process by which drug diffuses or is transferred from intravascular space to extravascular space (body tissues).

A

distribution

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34
Q

the chemical conversion or transformation of drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate.

A

metabolism

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35
Q

the elimination of unchanged drug or metabolite from the body via renal, biliary, or pulmonary processes

A

excretion

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36
Q

the first step in the process by whichmedicationenters the body and liberates the active ingredient that has been administered.
The pharmaceuticaldrugmust separate from the vehicle or the excipient that it was mixed with during manufacture.

A

liberation

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37
Q

process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated

A

absorption

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38
Q

Factors affecting absorption

A

dosage form, route of administration, blood flow to the site of administration, gastrointestinal function, presence of food or other drugs

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39
Q

Is the portion of a dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

A

bioavailability

40
Q

refers to the measurement of the time it takes the body to break down and excrete one half of the drug.
This is an important factor in the creation of drugs because it tells the manufacturer how long it takes the body to rid itself of the drug.

A

half life

41
Q

Involves the transport of drug molecules within the body
Protein binding is an important factor in drug distribution

A

distribution

42
Q

After the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood or tissue fluids to its sites of pharmacologic action, metabolism and excretion

A

distribution

43
Q

is composed of capillaries with tight walls which limits movement of drug molecules into brain tissue

A

Blood-brain barrier

44
Q

Drug distribution during pregnancy and lactation is unique as most drugs cross the?

A

placenta or in the case of lactation, pass into breast milk

45
Q

Most drugs form a compound with plasma proteins,——–, which act as carriers

A

albumin

46
Q

allows a part of a drug dose to be stored and released as needed

A

protein binding

47
Q

Method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body

A

metabolism

48
Q

Most drugs are metabolized by the ——— enzymes in the liver

Liver contains complex system of enzymes, three of which are key in the metabolism of medications/drugs

A

cytochrome p450

49
Q

catalyze the chemical reactions which ultimately metabolize the medications

A

CYP enzymes

50
Q

accelerates drug metabolism. Result is that larger doses of the drug may be need for therapeutic effects.

A

enzyme induction

51
Q

may occur with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes (e.g., Dilantin, EES(erythromycin ethyl succinate), Tagamet)

A

enzyme inhibition

52
Q

Oral meds are generally absorbed by the GI tract and carried to the liver. Drug may undergo extensive metabolism leaving little for systemic use. This is called the?

A

first pass effect

53
Q

is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

A

first pass effect

54
Q

Lab measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time

A

serum drug levels

55
Q

must be present before a drug exerts its pharmacologic action on body cells

A

Minimum effective concentration (MEC)

56
Q

time during which serum drug levels are at or above the MEC (may measure serum drug levels when the drugs have a low therapeutic index)

A

duration of action

57
Q

Refers to the elimination of a drug from the body
Most are excreted by the kidneys although some are excreted in the bile then the feces

A

excretion

58
Q

is a major mechanism for terminating drug action and eliminating drug molecules from the body

A

Hepatic drug metabolism or clearance

59
Q

the response of the body to the drug. It refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and any resulting effects namely, the intensity and time course of the effect and adverse effects.

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

60
Q

Involves drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions

A

Pharmacodynamics–Receptors

61
Q

Most drugs chemically bind with receptors at the cellular level

A

Pharmacodynamics–Receptors

62
Q

Drug-receptor complex initiates physiochemical reactions that stimulate or inhibit cellular functions

A

Pharmacodynamics–Receptors

63
Q

Receptors vary in type, location, number and functional capacity

A

Pharmacodynamics–Receptors

64
Q

When drug molecules chemically bind with cell receptors, pharmacologic effects result from agonism or antagonism

A

Pharmacodynamics–Receptors

65
Q

are drugs that produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters and others. May accelerate or slow normal cellular processes depending on the type of receptor activated. Examples of Opioid ——-: Morphine, Hydrocodone (pain relief /euphoria)

A

Agonists

66
Q

drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites.
Not all drugs act on receptors. Examples include: antacids, osmotic diuretics, chelators example of Opioid receptors, examples of ——- are Naloxone (Narcan), Naltrexone and Nalmefene.

A

Antagonists

67
Q

is adrug, chelating substance, or a chemical that counteracts (neutralizes) the effects of anotherdrugor a poison.

A

antidote

68
Q

the action of 2 drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone. Drugs that work together are synergistic.

Ex. Use of two opioids like morphine and oxycodone may be more effective than just one because both opioids have a slightly different action on opioid receptors

A

Synergism

69
Q

giving small amounts can relieve pain safely ex. Promethazine (phenergan) and meperidine (demerol). Large amounts could be addictive.

A

desirable synergism

70
Q

sedatives and barbiturates given in combination can depress CNS to dangerous levels depending on the strength of each

A

undesirable synergism

71
Q

the action of 2 drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other.

EX, many macrolides (erythromycin, troleandomycin), which are antibiotics, potentiate the effects of ergot derivatives such as ergotamine which is a vasoconstrictor agent. The explanation of this potentiation responsible of serious adverse effects is that macrolides inhibit the inactivation of ergotamine which accumulates in the body at toxic levels

A

potentiation

72
Q

to build up a high level of some forms of penicillin (antibiotic) in the blood, the drug probenecid (benemid) antigout given simultaneously. Benemid potentiates the effect of penicillin by slowing the excretion rate of the antibiotic

A

desirable potentiation

73
Q

toxic effect may result if cimetidine (tagamet/gastric antisecretory) is given simultaneously with tofranil(antidepressant). Tagamet potentiates the level of antidepressant concentration in the blood.

A

undesirable potentiation

74
Q

Variables that affect drug actions

A
  • Dosage
  • Route
  • Drug-diet interactions. Food may slow absorption or foods may actually interact with certain medications (tyramine and MAO inhibitors; tetracycline and milk products; ingestion when taking certain antihypertensive medications
  • Drug-drug interations-additive effects such as seen with sedatives and ethanol. Synergism as seen with acetaminophen and codeine.
  • Antidote—drug can be given to antagonize the toxic effects of another drug
75
Q

Variables that affect drug actions

A
  • Age
  • Pregnancy
  • Body weight
  • Gender-hormonal effects
  • Pathologic conditions
  • Placebo response
76
Q

amount of drug given for a particular therapeutic or desired effect.

A

dosage

77
Q

smallest amount of drug that produce therapeutic effect

A

minimum dose

78
Q

largest amount of drugs that will produce desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity

A

maximum dose

79
Q

initial high dose (Max. dose) use to quickly elevate the level of drug in the blood followed by a series of low maintenance doses.

A

loading dose

80
Q

dose required to keep the blood level at a steady state in order to maintain the desired effect

A

maintenance dose

81
Q

amount that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning

A

toxic dose

82
Q

dose that causes death

A

lethal dose

83
Q

customarily given (ave. adult dose based on body weight of 150lbs; adjusted according to variations from the norm

A

therapeutic dose

84
Q

ROUTE
2 Category

A

1.GI routes
Oral (PO)
Nasogastric (NG)
Rectal (R)

  1. Parenteral
    Sublingual( SL) or buccal
    Injection routes
    ·Intravenous (IV)
    ·Intramuscular (IM)
    ·Subcutaneous (subQ)
    ·Intradermal (ID)
    ·Intracardiac, intraspinal, intracapular
    Topical (T)
    ·Dermal (D)
    ·Mucosal
    Inhalation
85
Q

Oral route

A

easiest

86
Q

fastest administered by IV push or bolus (Concentrated drug solution)or diluted infused slowly by IVdrip. Best route for emergency treatment

A

IV route

87
Q

are choice if NPO status or drug not suitable for GI absorption

A

PARENTERAL ROUTES

88
Q

is fairly rapid because muscles are highly vascular, desirable to retard the speed of absorption, can be added to oily base drugs

A

IM route

89
Q

causes development of physical defects to fetus in vitro

A

teratogenic

90
Q

unique, unusual response to a drug. Ex. Tranquilizer causes agitation and excitement rather than tranquility

A

idiosyncracy

91
Q

Opposite effect from that expected

A

paradoxical

92
Q

decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses. To achieve desired effect dosage is increased or replaced.

A

tolerance

93
Q

Acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when drug is discontinued.

Psychological-craving, no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety

Physical – cells actually have need of the drug like retching, nausea, pain tremors or sweating

A

dependence

94
Q

immune response (allergy) to a drug in varying degrees
-rash , hives after 3-4 days of drug therapy

A

hypersensitivity

95
Q

severe, possibly fatal. Allergic (hypersensitivity) response
-signs are itching, urticarial(hives), hyperemia (reddened warm skin) vascular collapse, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, dyspnea.

A

anaphylactic reaction

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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