Lesson 2 Flashcards
10 Basic Stages in Research Process:
PROFTRDDDR
P - Problem Identification
R - Review of Related Literature
O - Objective Formulation
F - Formulation of Hypotheses & Assumptions
T - Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
R - Research Design Collection
D - Data Collection
D - Data Processing
D - Data Analysis and Interpretation
R - Report Writing
-an effect that is desired or expected to be achieved by an activity, project or program.
-Statements of purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted.
Objective
-They stipulate the aims or goals which are expected to be attained at the end of the research process. Data that does not meet the objectives must be disregarded but it can be put in the scope and limitations or recommendation
- they may be encapsulated in one statement, or they may require several statements.
-Based on and logically flow from the identified research problem
Objective
Two major classifications of objectives:
General objective
Specific objective
broad statement of purpose which uses abstract and non-measurable concepts, it is the rephrased of the research title so constructed that it became an objective structurally and in essence.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
statement of purpose which uses well defined and measurable concepts. The formulation of which should be based on and logically flow from the general objective
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Good Research Objectives:
S - simple language
M - measurable concepts
A - attainable
R - Result-oriented
T - time bound
5 Importance of Objectives:
- To indicate the relevant variables to be considered in the study
- To guide you in choosing the research design or methods
- To tell you what data to collect
- To help you in planning the analysis of the results
- To give you the basis for interpreting the data
refers to a “characteristics” that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties”.
Variables
2 Types of Variable
Independent Variable (IV)
Dependent Variable (DV)
Condition or characteristics which are presumed cause or influence of the existence or non-existence or change in certain phenomena.
Object of manipulation or control by the researcher in the attempt to determine their relationship to the observed phenomena.
Predictors of dependent variable.
Independent Variable (IV)
2 Types of Independent Variables:
Treatment variables
Attribute variables
factors that the researcher manipulates and to which he assigns subjects.
Treatment variables
Characteristics that cannot be changed by the researcher such as age, sex and intelligence level but as independent variables.
Attribute variables
Condition or characteristics which are influenced by the independent variables
Outcomes, effects or results which are the focus of the investigation
Dependent Variable (DV)
aside from the IV and DV, there is another type of variables which may affect the measurement of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable
Confounding variables
2 Types of Confounding variables:
Intervening variable
Extraneous variable
cannot be controlled or measured directly but which may have an important effect upon the outcome of measurement.
Also called as Modifying variables: because they intervene between the cause and the effect. It can either strengthen, weaken or eliminate influence or effect of IV on the DV.
Intervening variable
not controlled or manipulated by the researcher but which may have a significant influence on the result of a study.
Also called as Exogenous variables: because they intervene between the cause and the effect.
Extraneous variable
defines the coverage or boundary of the study in terms of the:
✓Area or locality
✓Population or sample
✓Duration or period
✓Subjects, issues or concerns which are explicitly stated in specific objectives of the study.
Scope
statements which alert the reader of the research report to certain conditions which are beyond the control of the researcher. May place restrictions on the conclusion of the study and their application to other situations.
Limitations
-Important part of the research proposal or report in which the key or important terms in the study is clearly defined
-helps the readers in understanding the research objectives, methods and findings
-key concepts are defined not only conceptually but most importantly, operationally, that is, according to how they are used in the study.
-Some studies do not have this section in their report
Definition of Terms
-because the operational definitions are integrated in the presentation or discussion where they first appear in the text however believe that terms must be defined in the section for definitions, their arguments is that
-it is not safe to assume that the reader will always leaf through the entire thesis.
-in this age where everyone seems to be in a hurry, you may don’t have time to read pages thoroughly just to look for the operational definition of a concept
-It is therefore recommended that all important concepts be defined and included in the section for the definition of terms.
Definition of Terms
Functions on Definition of Terms:
- it establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables.
- it provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
Types of Definition of Terms
Conceptual Definition
Operational Definition
universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people
abstract and most general in nature.
the usual source is the dictionary.
Conceptual Definition
meaning of the concept or terms as used in a particular study
stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
Operational Definition
where the researcher discusses the value of his study in as persuasive as possible in order to get the approval of the screening and approving committee and the financial support of the prospective funding institution.
Significance of the Study
AREAS OF CONTRIBUTION:
- accumulation of knowledge, or to filling up a knowledge gap; contribution to building, validating, or refining prevailing theories.
- meeting a pressing need of a specific group like solving problems or improving certain conditions;
- refining concepts, improving research instrumentation and methodologies; and
- meeting the concerns or priorities of funding institution like improved income, inter-relations, and the like
are characteristics or concepts that have only single, never-changing property or value
Constants variables
