Lesson 2

Question 1

10 Basic Stages in Research Process:
PROFTRDDDR

Answer 1

P - Problem Identification
R - Review of Related Literature
O - Objective Formulation
F - Formulation of Hypotheses & Assumptions
T - Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
R - Research Design Collection
D - Data Collection
D - Data Processing
D - Data Analysis and Interpretation
R - Report Writing

Question 2

-an effect that is desired or expected to be achieved by an activity, project or program.
-Statements of purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted.

Answer 2

Objective

Question 3

-They stipulate the aims or goals which are expected to be attained at the end of the research process. Data that does not meet the objectives must be disregarded but it can be put in the scope and limitations or recommendation
- they may be encapsulated in one statement, or they may require several statements.
-Based on and logically flow from the identified research problem

Answer 3

Objective

Question 4

Two major classifications of objectives:

Answer 4

General objective
Specific objective

Question 5

broad statement of purpose which uses abstract and non-measurable concepts, it is the rephrased of the research title so constructed that it became an objective structurally and in essence.

Answer 5

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Question 6

statement of purpose which uses well defined and measurable concepts. The formulation of which should be based on and logically flow from the general objective

Answer 6

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

Question 7

Good Research Objectives:

Answer 7

S - simple language
M - measurable concepts
A - attainable
R - Result-oriented
T - time bound

Question 8

5 Importance of Objectives:

Answer 8

1. To indicate the relevant variables to be considered in the study
2. To guide you in choosing the research design or methods
3. To tell you what data to collect
4. To help you in planning the analysis of the results
5. To give you the basis for interpreting the data

Question 9

refers to a “characteristics” that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties”.

Answer 9

Variables

Question 10

2 Types of Variable

Answer 10

Independent Variable (IV)
Dependent Variable (DV)

Question 11

Condition or characteristics which are presumed cause or influence of the existence or non-existence or change in certain phenomena.
Object of manipulation or control by the researcher in the attempt to determine their relationship to the observed phenomena.
Predictors of dependent variable.

Answer 11

Independent Variable (IV)

Question 12

2 Types of Independent Variables:

Answer 12

Treatment variables
Attribute variables

Question 13

factors that the researcher manipulates and to which he assigns subjects.

Answer 13

Treatment variables

Question 14

Characteristics that cannot be changed by the researcher such as age, sex and intelligence level but as independent variables.

Answer 14

Attribute variables

Question 15

Condition or characteristics which are influenced by the independent variables
Outcomes, effects or results which are the focus of the investigation

Answer 15

Dependent Variable (DV)

Question 16

aside from the IV and DV, there is another type of variables which may affect the measurement of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable

Answer 16

Confounding variables

Question 17

2 Types of Confounding variables:

Answer 17

Intervening variable
Extraneous variable

Question 18

cannot be controlled or measured directly but which may have an important effect upon the outcome of measurement.
Also called as Modifying variables: because they intervene between the cause and the effect. It can either strengthen, weaken or eliminate influence or effect of IV on the DV.

Answer 18

Intervening variable

Question 19

not controlled or manipulated by the researcher but which may have a significant influence on the result of a study.
Also called as Exogenous variables: because they intervene between the cause and the effect.

Answer 19

Extraneous variable

Question 20

defines the coverage or boundary of the study in terms of the:
✓Area or locality
✓Population or sample
✓Duration or period
✓Subjects, issues or concerns which are explicitly stated in specific objectives of the study.

Answer 20

Scope

Question 21

statements which alert the reader of the research report to certain conditions which are beyond the control of the researcher. May place restrictions on the conclusion of the study and their application to other situations.

Answer 21

Limitations

Question 22

-Important part of the research proposal or report in which the key or important terms in the study is clearly defined
-helps the readers in understanding the research objectives, methods and findings
-key concepts are defined not only conceptually but most importantly, operationally, that is, according to how they are used in the study.
-Some studies do not have this section in their report

Answer 22

Definition of Terms

Question 23

-because the operational definitions are integrated in the presentation or discussion where they first appear in the text however believe that terms must be defined in the section for definitions, their arguments is that
-it is not safe to assume that the reader will always leaf through the entire thesis.
-in this age where everyone seems to be in a hurry, you may don’t have time to read pages thoroughly just to look for the operational definition of a concept
-It is therefore recommended that all important concepts be defined and included in the section for the definition of terms.

Answer 23

Definition of Terms

Question 24

Functions on Definition of Terms:

Answer 24

• it establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables.
• it provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.

Question 25

Types of Definition of Terms

Answer 25

Conceptual Definition
Operational Definition

Question 26

universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people
abstract and most general in nature.
the usual source is the dictionary.

Answer 26

Conceptual Definition

Question 27

meaning of the concept or terms as used in a particular study
stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.

Answer 27

Operational Definition

Question 28

where the researcher discusses the value of his study in as persuasive as possible in order to get the approval of the screening and approving committee and the financial support of the prospective funding institution.

Answer 28

Significance of the Study

Question 29

AREAS OF CONTRIBUTION:

Answer 29

1. accumulation of knowledge, or to filling up a knowledge gap; contribution to building, validating, or refining prevailing theories.
2. meeting a pressing need of a specific group like solving problems or improving certain conditions;
3. refining concepts, improving research instrumentation and methodologies; and
4. meeting the concerns or priorities of funding institution like improved income, inter-relations, and the like

Question 30

are characteristics or concepts that have only single, never-changing property or value

Answer 30

Constants variables