Lesson 2 Flashcards
What are some things to ask for about social history?
Alcohol Sexual history Diet Recreational drugs Smoking
Occupation - do you work? What is your job?
Living situation - who is at home with you?
Stress - do you enjoy your work?
Exercise - do you exercise? What do you do
Wider relationships - who else is there that supports you?
Travel - have you travelled outside the uk recently?
5 approaches regarding health promotion?
Medical Behavioural change Education Empowerment Social change
What are the levels of prevention?
Primary: prevent the illness
Secondary: early diagnosis/minimise effects
Tertiary: prevent complications
What is MECC?
Offers brief behaviour change interventions to patients to enable them to change their lifestyle
Can be used by anyone who has contact with the patient
Lots of evidence that interventions work to reduce alcohol/smoking
What are the levels of behavioural change interventions and who is in charge of each?
High intensity - specialist practitioners
Extenders brief interventions - staff with regular contact for 30+ mins
Brief interventions - stand who have an opportunity to encourage/support
Very brief interventions - everyone in direct contact with the general public
What is the 6 A’s model?
• Ask: “What are your thoughts about adopting a healthier lifestyle?”
• Acknowledge: “It sounds like you have tried to change but find it
difficult when you are under stress…is that right?
• Assess: Determine readiness to make a change using (Stages of
change model)
• Advise: “Even small steps of change can make a big difference”
• Assist: Signpost to local services or NHS website
• Arrange: Follow-up contact
What are the NHS guidelines around exercise for adults?
Adults should: aim to be physically active every day….. do at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity a week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity a week
Explain the CAGE questionnaire (for problem drinkers)?
- Have you ever felt you should CUT down your drinking?
- Have people ANNOYED you by criticising your drinking?
- Have you ever felt bad or GUILTY about your drinking?
- Have you ever had a drink first think in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover (EYE- opener)?
What are some alcohol screening tools?
FAST - fast alcohol screening test
how often have you had eight or more (six or more) units on one occasion in the past year?
Audit-C - alcohol use disorders identification test consumption
5+ indicates increasing risk of problem drinking
Explain the stages of change model related to smoking
Precontemplation - Current smokers who are NOT planning on quitting in the next 6 months
Contemplation - Current smokers considering quitting within the next 6 months, not made an attempt in the last year
Preparation - Current smokers who have made quit attempts in the last year, are planning to quit within the next 30 days
Action - Individuals who are not currently smoking, stopped within the past 6 months (recently quit)
Maintenance - Individuals who are not currently smoking, stopped smoking for longer than 6 months but less than 5 years (former smokers)
What are some communicating risks in primary care?
Patients tend to overestimate rare events
Media tends to sensationalise stories
Get confused between absolute risk and relative risk
Define epidemiology
Study of the distribution/determinants of health- related states or events in specified populations, application of study to control health problems
What groups can categorical (discrete) data be divided into?
Nominal - categorise data, no numerical relationship e.g male or female
Ordered (ordinal) - ranking categories e.g mild, severe
Interval - distance between measures of a scale has meaning
What groups can continuous data be divided into?
Interval - distance between measures on a scale has meaning
Ratio - distance and ratio between measurements are defined
What kind of data can be represented on a histogram?
Continuous
What kind of data can be represented on a bar chart?
Discrete (categorical)
Define mode
The value (or group of values) which occur most often
Define median
The middle value
Define mean
The arithmetic average of observations
Mean is more useful than median
Define range
difference between highest and lowest values
Define interquartile range
difference between first and third quartile
Define Variance (s^2)
A measure of the variation shown by a set of observations
Define standard deviation
Summary of how widely dispersed the values are around the mean, it is equal to the positive square root of the variance
Define proportion
the division of two related numbers e.g. number of ectopic pregnancies per 1000 intrauterine contraceptive device e.g. 1 per 1000 or 0.1% risk
Define rate
measure of the frequency of occurrence ‘per unit time’. Numerator (cases), denominator (population), each relate to same specified time period
What does incidence refer to?
The number of new events, e.g. new cases of a disease in a defined population, within a specified period of time
What does prevalence refer to?
The number of cases of disease in a given population at a designated time
How to calculate incidence risk?
Number of new cases of disease in a given time period / total person-time at rick during the follow-up period
How to calculate incidence risk?
Number of new cases of disease in specified period of time / number of disease-free persons at the beginning of that time period
Not a rate
How to calculate point prevalence?
Number of cases in a defined population at one point in time / number of persons in a defined population at the same point in time
Not a rate
What is period prevalence?
variation which represents the number of persons who were a case at any time during a specified (short) period as a proportion of the total number of persons in that population
How to calculate initial mortality rate (IMR)?
Number of feather per year occurring within first year of life x1000 / total number of live birth in the year
What is ‘crude death rate (CDR)’?
Number of deaths per 1000 population
What is ‘age specific death rate (ASDR)’?
Number of deaths per 1000 in age group
How to calculate relative risk?
Incidence risk in the exposed / incidence risk in the unexposed
