Lesson 1C. The Chemical Level of Structural Organization

Question 1

Major Elements in the Body (96%)

• Major element that is part of H20 and many organic compounds
• Used to generate ATP

Answer 1

Oxygen

65%

Question 2

Major Elements in the Body (96%)

Major element that forms the backbone and rings of all organic molecules (carbohydrates. lipis. proteins, nucleic acids)

Answer 2

Carbon

18.5%

Question 3

Major Elements in the Body (96%)

Major element that constitutes H20 and most organic molecules: ionized form (H+) makes body more acidic

Answer 3

Hydrogen

9.5%

Question 4

Major Elements in the Body (96%)

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 4

Nitrogen

3.2%

Question 5

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

• Contributes to the hardness of bones and teeth
• Ionized form needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle

Answer 5

Calcium

1.5%

Question 6

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

• Component of nucleic acids and ATP
• Required for normal bone and tooth structure

Answer 6

Phosphorus

1.0%

Question 7

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

• Ionized form is the most plentiful cation in intracellular fluid
• Needed to generate action potentials

Answer 7

Potassium

0.35%

Question 8

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

Component of some vitamins and many proteins

Answer 8

Sulfur

0.25%

Question 9

• Ionized form is the most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid
• Essential for maintaining H2O balance
• Needed to generate action potentials

Answer 9

Sodium

0.2%

Question 10

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

• Ionized form is the most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid
• Essential for maintaining H2O balance

Answer 10

Chlorine

0.2%

Question 11

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

Ionized form needed for action of many enzymes

Answer 11

Magnesium

0.1%

Question 12

Molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions in organisms

Answer 12

Enzymes

Question 13

Lesser Elements (about 3.6%)

Ionized forms are part of hemoglobin

Answer 13

Iron

0.005%

Question 14

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells

Answer 14

Hemoglobin

Question 15

about 0.4% of total body mass

Answer 15

Trace Elements

Question 16

Give examples of Trace Elements

Answer 16

Aluminum, Boron, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Manganese, Tin, Zinc, Molybdenum, Selenium, Silicon, Vanadium

Question 17

Subatomic particles inside the nucleus

Answer 17

Protons (p+) and Neutrons (n0)

Question 18

force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

Answer 18

Ionic Bonds

Question 19

positively charged ion

Answer 19

Cation

Question 20

negatively charged ion

Answer 20

Anion

Question 21

where are ionic bonds found mainly in the body?

Answer 21

in teeth and bones

Question 22

An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in a solution

Answer 22

Electrolyte

Question 23

Forms when 2 or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining/losing them by sharing 1-3 pairs of valence electrons

Answer 23

Covalent Bonds

Question 24

The larger the number of electron pairs shared between 2 atoms, the [stronger/weaker] the covalent bond

Answer 24

stronger

Question 25

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring EN atoms (larger O or N atoms)

Answer 25

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 26

Results from the attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules

Answer 26

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 27

Occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

Answer 27

Chemical Reaction

Question 28

Starting substances in a chemical reaction

Answer 28

Reactants

Question 29

Ending substances in chemical reactions

Answer 29

Products

Question 30

The number of atoms of each element is the __ before and after a chemical reaction

Answer 30

same

Question 31

Capacity to do work

Answer 31

Energy

Question 32

Stored energy

Answer 32

Potential Energy

Question 33

Energy in motion

Answer 33

Kinetic Energy

Question 34

States that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, just transferred/converted

Answer 34

Law of Conservation of Energy

Question 35

Body’s “energy currency”

Answer 35

ATP

Question 36

Chemical wastes (2)

Answer 36

CO2 and H2O

Question 37

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

Answer 37

Activation Energy

Question 38

Two factors that influence Activation Energy

Answer 38

Concentration and Temperature

Question 39

Chemical compounds that speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Answer 39

Enzymes/Catalysts

Question 40

Types of Chemical Reactions (5)

Answer 40

1. Synthesis (Anabolism)
2. Decomposition (Catabolism)
3. Exchange
4. Reversible
5. Oxidation-Reduction

Question 41

Chemical reaction where 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

Answer 41

Synthesis Reaction (Anabolism)

Question 42

Chemical reaction that splits up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules

Answer 42

Decompostion Reaction (Catabolism)

Question 43

Consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions: “switched partners”

Answer 43

Exchange Reaction

Question 44

Chemical reaction where products can revert to the original reactants

Answer 44

Reversible Reaction

Question 45

Chemical reaction that is always parallel: when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced

Answer 45

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Question 46

Large organic (carbon-containing) molecules

Answer 46

Macromolecules

Question 47

4 Major Macromolecules

Answer 47

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids