lesson 13 stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

humans start when what happens

A

a sperm cell joins with an ovum (fertilisation)

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2
Q

when a fertilised ovum undergoes mitosis, what occurs

A

it forms a ball of cells called an embryo

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3
Q

embryonic cells continue to undergo what

A

mitosis

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4
Q

embryonic cells also change and begin to form what

A

specialised cells such as nerve cells and muscle cells

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5
Q

whats differentiation

A

when cells specialise

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6
Q

overtime cell specialisation forms what

A

adult organisms

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7
Q

cells in the early stage embryo have not what

A

differentiated

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8
Q

any early stage embryo is able is capable of differentiating into what

A

any type of body cell

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9
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other types of cells

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10
Q

where can we find stem cells

A

in adult organisms

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11
Q

what’s an example in where we can find stem cells

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

stem cells in bone marrow differentiate to make what

A

to form cells found in our blood

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13
Q

bone marrow stem cells differentiate into what

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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14
Q

unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells cannot what

A

differentiate into any other type of cell

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15
Q

what is leukaemia

A

a cancer of the bone marrow

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16
Q

how do we treat leukaemia

A

first the patients existing bone marrow is destroyed via radiation

17
Q

after the patients existing bone marrow is destroyed via radiation, then what occurs

A

the patient then receives a transplant of bone marrow via a donor

18
Q

after the patient then receives a transplant of bone marrow via a donor then what occurs

A

the stem cells in the bone marrow divide and form new bone marrow, they also differentiate and form new blood cells

19
Q

what is a problem with bone marrow transplant

A

the donor has to be compatible with the patient otherwise the white blood cells produced by the donated bone marrow could attack the patients body

20
Q

what’s another problem with bone marrow transplant

A

there’s a risk that viruses can be passed from the donor to the patient

21
Q

another way stem cells can be used in medicine is through what

A

therapeutic cloning

22
Q

what occurs during therapeutic cloning

A

an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

23
Q

stem cells from the embryo can be transplanted in the patients body without what

A

being rejected by the patient’s immune system

24
Q

once inside the patient the stem cells then what

A

can differentiate to replace cells that have stopped working correctly

25
Q

therapeutic cloning is useful for a whole range of medical conditions, such as

A

diabetes or paralysis

26
Q

some people have religious or ethical objections to which procedure

A

therapeutic cloning

27
Q

roots and buds contain what

A

meristem tissue

28
Q

meristem tissues can differentiate into what

A

any type of plant tissue, at any point in the life of the plant

29
Q

we can use meristem tissue for what

A

to produce clones of a plant quickly and cheaply

30
Q

we could use meristem tissue to clone a rare plant to stop it from what

A

going extinct or we could produce cloned crop plants for farmers