LESSON 1.2 Taxonomy and its Components Flashcards
The science of classifying
living things.
Taxonomy
The ____________is
used to arrange organisms into groups.
taxonomic scheme
taxonomy consists of
three separate but interrelated parts:
classification, nomenclature, and
identification
The branch of
taxonomy concerned with assigning
names to taxonomic groups in
agreement with published rules.
Nomenclature
The practical side of
taxonomy- the process of determining if a particular isolate belongs to a recognized taxon and, if so, which one.
Identification
is often used for
taxonomy, although it sometimes infers
a more general scientific study of
organisms with the ultimate objective of arranging them in an orderly manner
Systematics
characterize an
isolate to determine what species it is.
Classification
What is species in bacteria?
collection of strains that share stable properties in common
What is a strain?
a population of
organisms that descends from a pure culture isolates or from a species of bacteria
What are the strains of E.coli
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
(STEC)
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC)
what are the two type of classification?
artificial classification- based on phenotype
natural/Phylogenetic classification- purported evolution
Difference between two types of classification
Characters:
A: few characters
P: all characters are considered
Hereditary:
A: Difficult identifying particular genera
P: Members of different groups are similar in hereditary pattern
Classification
A: more stable
P: May change
Information
A: Limited information
P: Plenty of useful information
Phylogeny
A: not related
P: related
What are the 6keypoints of principles of bacterial nomenclature?
Binomial System: Genus (capitalized) epithet (lowercase italicized)
Stability: Established names are preferred over newly proposed ones even if new names are more accurate.
Priority: The first validly published name for a taxon takes precedence
Types of culture: bacterial strains referred to as the type of culture, serve as reference points for a named species
Unique Names: Each organism at a particular rank (e.g., genus, species) can only have one correct name.
Independent System: Bacterial
nomenclature is independent of the naming systems used for plants and animals
Involves the study, not of a single cell, but of a population (entire) of identical cells.
characterization and identification
What should be established during characterization and identification?
the isolates must be pure before the characterization.
What are the three reasons for doing characterization?
identification
comparison
exploit characteristics that may be beneficial
This book serve as a brief reference guide in the identification of bacteria based of physiological and morphological traits.
Bergey’s manual of Systematic bacteriology
Explain how this book was used then and now.
Past: phenotypically
Now: correlated phenotypic characters to genomics
Blueprint of every biological organism
phenotype
This book provides the _____, ______, _____, _____ and other information
morphology, physiology, growth conditions, and ecology
Difference between the first and second edition?
First edition: phenotypic characterization
Second edition: molecular approaches to phylogenetic analysis.
A method used to determine the genus and species of a newly isolated microbe.
● This approach include
Polyphasic Taxonomy
Phenotypic, phylogenetic, genotypic features
What are the five methods under polyphasic taxonomy
- numerical analysis
- Morphology, physiology and enzymology
- Chemotaxonomy
- Typing methods
- Analytical methods.
Numerical analysis
CFU
growth
Morphology, physiology, and enzymology
Biochemical testing
Analytical profile index
Chemotaxonomy
Tropism
Composition of organisms
-cell wall
-exopolysaccharide
-mycolic acids
-cellular fatty acids
-polar lipids
- whole cell protein analysis
-polyamines
-isoprenoid quinones
Typing methods
- determine antigen present
-serotyping
Analytical methods
-Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)
-Mass spectrometry (MS)
-Functional translation readthrough (FT-TR)
