Lesson 1.1 Introduction to Microbial Taxonomy

Question 1

What are the two foundations of Microbiology

Answer 1

1. Development of microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2. The germ theory of disease

Question 2

the first person who invented the microscope

Answer 2

Zacharias Janssen (and his father Hans, in 1590)

Question 3

The three stuff robert hooke has contributed to the development of the microscope

Answer 3

• Improved the compound microscope with better magnification and clarity

-pioneering the microscopic observation.

-discovery of cells (he observed the box-like structures in cork and called it cells

Question 4

what did antoni contributed to the development of microscope

Answer 4

• antonie van leeuwenhoek
• he grinded his lesns to improve the microscope at the time

Question 5

Who are the scientists behind the “germ theory of disease”

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur: Swan neck flask experiment

Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing

Joseph Lister: aseptic techniques in surgical procedures

Robert Koch: Koch postulates. causal relationship between germs and diseases.

Question 6

Explain what Louis Pasteur did

Answer 6

Swan-Neck Flask Experiment

broth curved necks: remained sterile

straight-necked flasks exposed to air: contaminated

Question 7

what did Louis Pasteur disproved

Answer 7

he disproved the spontaneous generation theory that life emerges from non-living matter.

Question 8

Diseases are caused by what agents

Answer 8

germs

Question 9

What did Ignaz did?

Answer 9

Childbed fever was prevalent at the time which affected women after childbirth.

It was observed that maternity wards attended by medical students who performed autopsies had higher mortality rates compared to midwives.

Hypo: Particles from cadavers transmitted in the doctors’ hands cause the fever.

Intervention: Mandated hand washing with chlorinated lime solution which resulted in decreased mortality from childbed fever.

Question 10

what did Joseph Lister do?

Answer 10

published articles detailing the effective use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic in surgical procedures.

he improved it by applying it to the wounds directly.

Emphasized the importance of a clean environment, clean clothes, and washing hands with carbolic acid.

Laid the application of germ theory principles to surgical practices.

Question 11

Louis pasteur: laid the groundwork of germ theory

Robert Koch: _______

Answer 11

experimental evidence linking the microorganisms to diseases

Question 12

What are the Koch’s postulates

Answer 12

1. the microorganism must be found plenty in organisms suffering from the disease but not in healthy organisms
2. The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased and grown in pure culture.
3. Cultured microorganisms must cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. Microorganisms must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and be identical as the causative agent.

Question 13

If we replicate the experiment of Robert Koch, we can use the concept of __________

Answer 13

silk blood media

Question 14

Koch successfully identified the causative agents of several diseases such as 1_______, 2______, and 3________

Answer 14

1. anthrax
2. tuberculosis
3. cholera

Question 15

What are the gaps in Koch’s postulates which cannot be applied for in advanced microbiology.

Answer 15

Not all diseases caused by bacteria or viruses can be studied using experiments such as HIV which cannot be isolated

obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses, and chlamydia which cannot be cultured in media

Question 16

What are the techniques used in advanced microbiology to confirm that a bacteria or virus can cause a disease

Answer 16

PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction: culturing detecting presence of nucleic acids

ELISA: enzyme-linked immunoassay: the presence of antibodies in patients exposed to specific microorganisms.