LESSOn 1.1: BRIEF HISTORY OF CYTOGENETICS

Question 1

In ____, he 1st discovered chromosomes in pollen. (1)

Answer 1

Karl Nageli in 1842

Question 2

In ______, he introduced aniline staining to observe chromosomes during cell division. (2)

Answer 2

Walter Flemming: 1870

Question 3

In ______, he coined the term “chromosome” after staining techniques had been developed. (3)

Answer 3

Waldeyer in 1888

Question 4

In ______, he derived an estimate of 48 chromosomes using images of nuclei reconstructed from thin sections of human testicular tissue embedded in paraffin and stained with iron hematoxylin. (4)

Answer 4

Theophilus Painter in 1923

Question 5

Cytogenetic technique improvements (use of colchicines to arrest cells in metaphase) (5)

Answer 5

1950

Question 6

In _____, they showed that human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. (6)

Answer 6

Tijo and Levan in 1956

Question 7

In ______, Peripheral leukocyte culture method of Moorehead et al. was adopted by many cytogeneticists. (7)

Answer 7

1960

Question 8

What techniques was initially developed by Joseph and Mary Lou Pardue in 1950s?

Answer 8

In situations hybridization

Question 9

In 1865, ______ discovered “paired factors”

Answer 9

Mendel

Question 10

In 1902, ________ discovered the Chromosome theory of inheritance.

Answer 10

Sutton & Boveri

Question 11

This was first discovered in insects (Balbiani, 1881):

○ Large chromosomes with thousands of strands
○ Developed from chromosomes of diploid nuclei by successive duplication of each chromatid without their segregation
○ Formed into cable-like structure

Answer 11

Polytene chromosomes

Question 12

Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges, and Muller made the _____________ from fruit fly which:
● Determines the location of the sequence of chromosome with certain characteristics
● Wild type
○ “Normal”
○ Defined as the phenotype or the genotype that is more commonly present across the population of that particular species
● Mutant type
○ Has deviation or difference from the
wild type

Answer 12

first genetic linkage maps

Question 13

In 1920, Cyril Darlington pioneered __________
● Discovered the mechanics of chromosomal
crossover, its role in inheritance therefore, its
importance to evolution
● In chromosomal crossover, there is a high
chance of genetic recombination

Answer 13

plant cytogenetics